Basic and Appendicular Osteology (L5)

Question 1

Discuss bone tissue including its organic and inorganic components, its three kinds of cells, four kinds of lamellae, and histological architecture.

Answer 1

Osteoid: ORGANIC part of the matrix, combination of collagenous fibers and ground substance
Hydroxyapatite: INORGANIC mineral portion of bone containing forms of calcium phosphate
Osteoblasts: build
Osteoclasts: destroy
Osteocytes: stuck
Osteonal (concentric) lamellae 
Interstitial lamellae
External circumferential lamellae
Internal circumferential lamellae

Two types of bone tissue:

Compact (cortical) bone - “dense” bone, solid forms majority of the substance of most bones
Spongy (trabecular) bone - “cancellous” bone, lends strength without excessive bulk

Question 2

Why is interstitial lamellae always older than adjacent concentric lamellae?

Answer 2

The osteoclast drills and forms new osteons on top of it.

Question 3

Differentiate bone tissue from named bones by listing the tissues found in any names bone in addition to bone tissue.

Answer 3

Bone tissue
Adipose tissue
Connective tissue proper
Simple squamous epithelium
Nervous Tissue
Bone Marrow Tissue
Blood
Cartilage
Smooth Muscle Tissue

Question 4

State the physical functions of the bones and bone tissue.

Answer 4

Body shape - allows permanent shape and upright posture
Protection - encasement of brain, thoracic, and pelvic organs
Locomotion - interaction with skeletal muscles to produce body movement

Question 5

State the metabolic functions of the bones and bone tissue.

Answer 5

Hemopoiesis - formations of RBC’s and many types of WBC’s (Red bone marrow)
Fat depository - a normal metaplastic change with age (yellow bone marrow)
Calcium/phosphorus storage - within the hydroxyapatite (cortex, cortical bone)

Question 6

Classify the bones of the skeleton into two groups by position and five groups by shape.

Answer 6

Groups by position: Appendicular Skeleton, Axial Skeleton

Groups by shape: Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones, Sesamoid bones

Question 7

Bone shape types found in the appendicular skeleton.

Answer 7

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and sesamoid bones

Question 8

Bone shape types found in the axial skeleton.

Answer 8

Irregular bones and flat bones

Question 9

What features are found in long bones ONLY?

Answer 9

Epiphysis and diaphysis

Question 10

Label the features of a typical long bone.

Answer 10

epiphysis, diaphysis, periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, perforating fibers, nutrient foramina, nutrient canals, articular cartilage, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, gelatinous bone marrow, cortex (bone tissue between the endosteum and periosteum)

Question 11

Name the bones of the superior limb and classify them by shape.

Answer 11

Clavicle and Scapula (Flat bones)

Humerus, Radius, Ulna, 5 metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges (Long Bones)

8 carpal bones (short bones)

2 sesamoid bones (at the base of the thumb)

Question 12

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

Answer 12

It supports the free parts of the superior limbs and provides extensive attachment for muscles which attach the limb to the trunk.

Question 13

What are the bones that form the pectoral girdle? Which ones belong to the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 13

1. The 2 clavicles, 2 scapula, and the sternum

2. The clavicles and scapula belong to the appendicular skeleton

Question 14

Define phalanx, phalanges, and digits.

Answer 14

Phalanx (singular form) of the bones within the digits
Phalanges - bones within the digits
Digit - everything; the bones, muscles, tissues, nerves, etc.

Question 15

Explain why three phalanges comprise a digit is false but most digits contain three phalanges is true.

Answer 15

It is false because the first digit (thumb) only has two phalanges while most others contain three.

Question 16

Name the bones of the inferior limb and classify them by shape.

Answer 16

Ox coxae - one flat bone

Femur bone, tibia, fibula, five metatarsal bones, and 14 phalanges - Long bones

7 Tarsal bones - short bones

3 sesamoid bones (two at the base of the big toe and the patella)

Question 17

State the function of the pelvic girdle, list the bones that form it, and indicate which ones belong to the appendicular skeleton.

Answer 17

1. It supports the free parts of the inferior limbs and is a site of origin for muscles which act on the limb.
2. The bones that form it are the ossa coxae and the bony sacrum
3. Ossa coxae

Question 18

Differentiate the major (greater, false) pelvis from the minor (lessor, true) pelvis.

Answer 18

The narrow portion of the pelvic girde is called the minor (lesser or true) pelvis.
The wider flair of the bone above it which constitutes the major (greater or false) pelvis.

Question 19

List the bones that fuse to form the os coxae.

Answer 19

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Question 20

Compare the phalanges of the foot to those of the hand and identify any given phalanx by using proximal, middle, or distal (as appropriate) and state the number or name of the digit of which it is a part.

Answer 20

14 phalanges form the skeleton within the toes. These resemble their counterparts in the manus with each digit having three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) except of the big toe which lacks a middle phalanx. Each phalanx in the pes has a proximally located base and body. Distally the proximal and middle phalanges end in heads and the distal phalanges end in tuberosities.

Question 21

Note which appendicular bones have “bone” in their name and which do not.

Answer 21

These have bone in their name:

• carpal bones
• metacarpal bones
• Femur bone
• tarsal bones
• metatarsal bones
• sesamoid bones

Question 22

What is “DAMN IT”

Answer 22

Degenerative
Anomalous
Metabolic
Neoplastic
Infectious
Traumatic

Question 23

Define osteomalacia and osteoporosis.

Answer 23

Osteoporosis: excessive skeletal demineralization
Osteomalacia: vitamin D deficiency

Question 24

What components are found in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue?

Answer 24

• collagenous fibers
• mineral
• ground substance

Question 25

Go to pg. 122 in book. Be able to write out the bones and their numbers in both Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 25

pg. 122