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Anatomy Lecture > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Review the definition of the ANS and compare it to the rest of the nervous system.

A

ANS - portion of the nervous system that is motor to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

  • functional entity rather than anatomic one and includes parts of CNS and PNS
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2
Q

Explain the functional value of the “two neuron chain.”

A
  1. Preganglionic Neurons can synapse with multiple Postganglionic fibers creating a “multiplication” effect.
    - rapid spread with little imput
    - ANS can operate at a subconscious level
  2. Exitation Inhibition
    - postganglionic neurons must be stimulated to a certain level by excitatory preganglionic impulses before they will fire an impulse (we get close to threshold)
    - neuron can get close to firing
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3
Q

State the ANS (involuntary) effectors and state their locations.

A
  1. Smooth Muscle Tissue - found in walls of visceral body organs, walls of blood vessels, base of hair follicles, and iris and ciliary body of eye
  2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue - found in heart and aorta and pulmonary trunk
  3. Glandular Epithelium - found in exocrine and endocrine glands
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4
Q

Differentiate the two divisions of the ANS using anatomic, functional, and pharmacologic criteria.

Anatomic Differences

(locations of pre/post ganglionic neurons and distribution of effectors)

A

Location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies:

  • Sympathetic: T1 - L2 segments of spinal cord (lateral gray column)
  • Parasympathetic: Brain and sacral part of spinal cord

Location of postganglionic neuron cell bodies:

  • Sympathetic: sympathetic trunk ganglia, prevertebral ganglia, terminal ganglia
  • Parasympathetic: Autonomic ganglia of CN 3,7,9,10 and terminal ganglia

Distribution of effectors:

  • Sympathetic: throughout body
  • Parasympathetic: head, neck, thorax, and abdomen (no limbs)
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5
Q

Differentiate the two divisions of the ANS using anatomic, functional, and pharmacologic criteria.

Pharmacologic Differences

(neurotransmitters)

A

Neurotransmitter secreted by preganglionic neurons:

Sympathetic: Acetylcholine (Ach)
Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine (Ach)

Neurotransmitter secreted by post ganglionic neurons:

Sympathetic: Norepinephrine (NE)
Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine (Ach)

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6
Q

Differentiate the two divisions of the ANS using anatomic, functional, and pharmacologic criteria.

Functional Differences

(changes in body induced by effector organs)

A

Changes in the body induces by effector organs:

Sympathetic: fight/flight
Parasympathetic: Homeostasis

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7
Q

List some effectors that are stimulated only by the sympathetic part of the ANS.

A
  • sweat glands
  • smooth muscle in most vessel walls
  • pupillary dilator muscle
  • arrector pili muscles at the base of hair follicles
  • adrenal medulla
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8
Q

List some effectors that are stimulated only by the parasympathetic part of the ANS.

A
  • ciliary muscle of the eye

- pupillary sphincter muscle

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9
Q

Outline the structure of the sympathetic part of the ANS and state the effect of its stimulation on common ANS effectors.

A
  1. Preganglionic Neurons in lateral gray horns of spinal cord segments T1-L2
  2. Ganglia Near Spinal Cord - preganglionic fibers release Ach, stimulating postganglionic neurons
  3. Target Organs - most postganglionic fibers release NE at synapse with effector
  4. Creates a fight or flight response
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10
Q

Explain why the sympathetic pathways to peripheral effectors usually involves synapses in the sympathetic trunk ganglia. State where synapses occur in sympathetic pathways to central effectors.

A
  1. ????
  2. Synapses in sympathetic pathways to central effectors (cardiac, smooth m.t., and glandular epithelium in visceral organs) don’t synapse in the sympathetic trunk ganglion. They continue to other peripheral named ganglia:
  • CELIAC
  • SUPERIOR MESENTERIC
  • INFERIOR MESENTERIC

then they synapse onto their postganglionic neurons which are usually through blood vessels to their various central organs

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11
Q

List the cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A

CN 3,7,9,10

  1. Oculomotor n.
  2. Facial n.
  3. Glossopharyngeal n.
  4. Vagus n.
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12
Q

Outline the structures of the parasympathetic part of the ANS and state the effect of its stimulation on common ANS effectors.

Oculomotor N.

A
  1. Oculomotor N.
    - ciliary ganglion
    effectors: ciliary muscle, pupillary sphincter muscle
    = constriction of pupil and change in thickness of lens
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13
Q

Outline the structures of the parasympathetic part of the ANS and state the effect of its stimulation on common ANS effectors.

Facial N.

A
  1. Facial N.
    - pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia

effectors: nasal glands, lacrimal glands, salivary glands

= salivation, lacrimation, and secretion

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14
Q

Outline the structures of the parasympathetic part of the ANS and state the effect of its stimulation on common ANS effectors.

Glossopharyngeal N.

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal N.
    - otic ganglion

effectors: parotid gland

= salivation

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15
Q

Outline the structures of the parasympathetic part of the ANS and state the effect of its stimulation on common ANS effectors.

Vagus N.

A
  1. Vagus N.
    - terminal ganglia
    effectors: visceral organs within neck, thoracic cavity, and abdominal cavity

= decrease heart rate, stimulate peristalsis in alimentary canal and ureters, cause bronchoconstriction, and stimulate secretion by glands

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16
Q

Outline the structures of the parasympathetic part of the ANS and state the effect of its stimulation on common ANS effectors.

Pelvic Nerves (in sacral part of spinal cord)

A

Pelvic Nerves
- Terminal Ganglia

effectors: visceral organs in inferior portion of abdominal cavity

= contraction in wall of urinary bladder, peristaltic waves and various sexual responses

17
Q

Outline the structures of the parasympathetic part of the ANS and state the effect of its stimulation on common ANS effectors.

A

LOOK AT CHART ON P. 390

18
Q

Name the higher centers which control ANS output.

A 
Medulla Oblongata
- motor output to:
. cardiovascular system
. respiratory system
. digestive system
. urinary system
. reproductive system

Hypothalamus

Fornix

Limbic System (group of nuclei and fiber tracts around the brainstem that includes hypothalamus, fornix, and several other structures)

19
Q

Define sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic.

A

Sympathomimetic: drugs that cause a sympathetic fight or flight response (or prevent a parasympathetic response) in the body

ex) eyedrops that cause the eye to dilate, or using an inhaler to dilate the bronchioles

Parasympathomimetic: drugs that cause a parasympathetic reaction/response in the body

Anatomy Lecture (20 decks)

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