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Histo Final Exam Extravaganza! > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (not actually part of skin)

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2
Q

Examples of integument

A

Skin, glands, scent glands, hair, claws, hooves, feathers, horns, antlers, mammary glands, anal sacs, wound healing

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3
Q

Functions of skin

A

Protection from dehydration (waterproofing) and infection (physical barrier), sensory, excretion (sweat gets rid of metabolic waste), regulation of temperature, absorption of UV

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4
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, avascular, receives blood supply from dermis, melanocytes, dendritic cells, merkel cells

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5
Q

dermis

A

Blood supply, relatively acellular, mostly ECM dense irregular connective tissue

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6
Q

hypodermis

A

loose connective tissue, superficial fascia, anchors dermis to underlying muscle/bone
adipose tissue
fat pad (structural fat), foot pads

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7
Q

types of epidermis

A

thick skin and thin skin, again based on epidermis layers not the other layers

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8
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

(thick skin) stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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9
Q

Thick skin

A

glabrous, no hair follicles, 5 identifiable epidermal layers, merocrine sweat glands

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10
Q

Thin skin

A

nonglabrous, has hair follicles, thin stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, and granulosum can be hard to define, apocrine sweat glands

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11
Q

stratum basale

A 
cell division (stem cells give rise to keratinocytes)
sits on basement membrane, melanocytes, merkel cells (touch sensors)
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12
Q

stratum spinosum

A

cells attached by desmosomes, spiky appearance because desmosomes stay in place as cell dehydrates
membrane coating granules help produce lipids
keratinization begins here

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13
Q

stratum granulosum

A

cells still have nuclei

keratohyalin granules

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14
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only in thick skin
lack organelles and nuclei
keratin filaments
This layer may not be present in thick skin

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15
Q

stratum corneum

A

further from surface, stil have desmosomes

Closer to surface the desmosomes breakdown, then desquamated

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16
Q

stratum disjunctum

A

stratum corneum being desquamated/ sloughed off

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17
Q

Melanocytes

A

neural crest derived
located in the basal layer
Source of melanin (pigment) for keratinocytes
Also found in the external root sheath and matrix of hair

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18
Q

How does melanin protect from UV light?

A

Picked up by keratinocytes and becomes more concentration at the center of cell to protect the DNA

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19
Q

keratinocytes

A

spiky/hairlike projections of cytoplasm

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20
Q

Dendritic cells

A

langerhans cells, macrophages, Antigen Presenting Cells
don’t show in routine staining
Ingests foreign particle to present to immune system

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21
Q

Merkel cells

A

light touch receptors, slow-adapting, located in the basal region

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22
Q

Dermis

A

Papillary and reticular layers

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23
Q

Papillary layers

A

dermal ridges, loose connective tissue, anchoring fibrils from basal lamina of epidermis

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24
Q

reticular layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue (Type I collagen and elastin)
Sweat glands, hair follicles with arrector pili muscles (smooth muscles),
mechanoreceptors, blood and lymph vessels
Only dermal layer present in thin skin.

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25
sebaceous glands
branched acinar glands, sebum released via holocrine secretion, antibacterial (fatty acids lower pH, plus sequestering molecules and immunoglobulins) and waterproofing Secrete into hair follicle
26
sweat glands
coiled tubular glands, | importance for heat loss varies by species, others used for scent
27
apocrine sweat glands
found on haired/ Thin skin, | viscous secretion contains scent, secreted into hair follicle,
28
merocrine sweat glands
eccrine, only found in foot pads and nasal planum, thick skin, more common in humans, secrete onto skin surface sweat is more liquid, no cytoplasm is lost
29
hair
flexible keratinized structure | medulla, cortex, cuticle
30
hair follicle
produces hair, embedded in dermis Includes: hair, external and internal root sheath (bulb), hair matrix and dermal papilla at the base, sebaceous and apocrine glands, arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle)
31
hair matrix
at base of follicle, cells analogous to stratum basale, produce "hard" keratin
32
How is keratin different in skin vs hair?
Hard in hair, soft in skin with more liquid
33
Layers of hair from innermost to outermost?
medulla, cortex, cuticle
34
Which structures are only present during hair growth?
hair matrix and dermal papilla
35
Which structure marks the end of the inner root sheath?
sebaceous gland
36
Which layer of hair is not always present?
Medulla
37
cuticle
keratinized single cell layer, line up like shingles on outside of hair
38
Which hair layer contains the pigment?
cortex
39
simple hair follicles
single hair from one external orifice
40
compound hair follicles
one or few primary hairs with several secondary hairs All hairs emerge from same external orifice Arrangement of these depends on species, breed, and age
41
Where do the glands open into the hair follicle? Which glands
Sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands open into hair shaft itself
42
primary hairs
large, medulla present, guard hairs
43
secondary hairs
small, less or absent medulla, undercoat
44
How do follicles change with age?
follicles are simple at birth and become compound as the number of primary and secondary hairs in the follicle increase
45
Whiskers
sinus or tactile hairs blood filled cavity between inner and outer dermal sheath innervated by sensory nerve bundles
46
Stages of hair growth
1. Anagen 2. Catagen 3. Telogen 4. Renewed anagen
47
Anagen phase
active growth phase in hair matrix and dermal papilla
48
catagen phase
growth slows and stops, entire bulb and matrix become keratinized and moves toward sebaceous glands, more superficially located dermal papillae comes out of bulb
49
telogen phase
inner root sheath breaks down, follicle is resting ( quiescent), club/brush hair length of this phase is breed and species dependent (arctic dogs have longer telogen phase)
50
renewed anagen phase
new hair pushes out the old one
51
Factors impacting hair growth?
hormones, day-length, temperature and nutrition
52
Claw
derivitative of epidermis and dermis Covers distal phalanges keratinized epidermis includes dorsal ridge, walls, and sole underlying dermis (corium) is rich in blood supply (quick) and creates the epidermal parts like the sole
53
What causes the claw to curve?
dorsal ridge divides at a faster rate than sole
54
How is keratin softer or harder at different parts of the claw?
Sole is softer keratin than the wall and dorsal ridge
55
Horns
hollow, found in both male and female cattle, sheep and goats, boney core is cornual process of the frontal bone and covered by dermal core then the keratinized epithelium Permanent
56
Antlers
solid, usually only in male cervids (female reindeers and caribou can have them), bony outgrowth of frontal bone (pedicle) covered in epidermis and dermis in the form of velvet, shed seasonally Dermis and epidermis are only present during antler development until it is shed
57
Mammary gland
tubuloalveolar gland, modified sweat glands, alveoli, ducts, and interstitial tissue merocrine secretion of protein and carbohydrates and apocrine secretion of lipids Active and inactive as they are not always producing milk. Cells become columnar with activated Myoepithelial cells squeeze out milk
58
involution
full development of mammary glands after the birth of the first offspring, Connective tissue and adipocytes are introduced to mammary glands causing more milk during these first lactations
59
Anal sacs
paired diverticula opening into the anal canal at anocutaneous junction Located between internal and external sphincter muscles
60
Makeup of anal sacs in dogs vs cats
Dogs: apocrine glands in the wall, sebaceous glands near the duct Cats: sebaceous and apocrine glands in the wall

Histo Final Exam Extravaganza! (9 decks)

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