Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histo Final Exam Extravaganza! > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (not actually part of skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Examples of integument

A

Skin, glands, scent glands, hair, claws, hooves, feathers, horns, antlers, mammary glands, anal sacs, wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of skin

A

Protection from dehydration (waterproofing) and infection (physical barrier), sensory, excretion (sweat gets rid of metabolic waste), regulation of temperature, absorption of UV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, avascular, receives blood supply from dermis, melanocytes, dendritic cells, merkel cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

dermis

A

Blood supply, relatively acellular, mostly ECM dense irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hypodermis

A

loose connective tissue, superficial fascia, anchors dermis to underlying muscle/bone
adipose tissue
fat pad (structural fat), foot pads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

types of epidermis

A

thick skin and thin skin, again based on epidermis layers not the other layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

(thick skin) stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thick skin

A

glabrous, no hair follicles, 5 identifiable epidermal layers, merocrine sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Thin skin

A

nonglabrous, has hair follicles, thin stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, and granulosum can be hard to define, apocrine sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stratum basale

A 
cell division (stem cells give rise to keratinocytes)
sits on basement membrane, melanocytes, merkel cells (touch sensors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stratum spinosum

A

cells attached by desmosomes, spiky appearance because desmosomes stay in place as cell dehydrates
membrane coating granules help produce lipids
keratinization begins here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stratum granulosum

A

cells still have nuclei

keratohyalin granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only in thick skin
lack organelles and nuclei
keratin filaments
This layer may not be present in thick skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stratum corneum

A

further from surface, stil have desmosomes

Closer to surface the desmosomes breakdown, then desquamated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stratum disjunctum

A

stratum corneum being desquamated/ sloughed off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Melanocytes

A

neural crest derived
located in the basal layer
Source of melanin (pigment) for keratinocytes
Also found in the external root sheath and matrix of hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does melanin protect from UV light?

A

Picked up by keratinocytes and becomes more concentration at the center of cell to protect the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

keratinocytes

A

spiky/hairlike projections of cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dendritic cells

A

langerhans cells, macrophages, Antigen Presenting Cells
don’t show in routine staining
Ingests foreign particle to present to immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Merkel cells

A

light touch receptors, slow-adapting, located in the basal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dermis

A

Papillary and reticular layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Papillary layers

A

dermal ridges, loose connective tissue, anchoring fibrils from basal lamina of epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

reticular layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue (Type I collagen and elastin)
Sweat glands, hair follicles with arrector pili muscles (smooth muscles),
mechanoreceptors, blood and lymph vessels
Only dermal layer present in thin skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sebaceous glands

A

branched acinar glands,
sebum released via holocrine secretion, antibacterial (fatty acids lower pH, plus sequestering molecules and immunoglobulins) and waterproofing
Secrete into hair follicle

26
Q

sweat glands

A

coiled tubular glands,

importance for heat loss varies by species, others used for scent

27
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

found on haired/ Thin skin,

viscous secretion contains scent, secreted into hair follicle,

28
Q

merocrine sweat glands

A

eccrine, only found in foot pads and nasal planum, thick skin, more common in humans, secrete onto skin surface
sweat is more liquid, no cytoplasm is lost

29
Q

hair

A

flexible keratinized structure

medulla, cortex, cuticle

30
Q

hair follicle

A

produces hair, embedded in dermis
Includes: hair, external and internal root sheath (bulb), hair matrix and dermal papilla at the base, sebaceous and apocrine glands, arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle)

31
Q

hair matrix

A

at base of follicle, cells analogous to stratum basale, produce “hard” keratin

32
Q

How is keratin different in skin vs hair?

A

Hard in hair, soft in skin with more liquid

33
Q

Layers of hair from innermost to outermost?

A

medulla, cortex, cuticle

34
Q

Which structures are only present during hair growth?

A

hair matrix and dermal papilla

35
Q

Which structure marks the end of the inner root sheath?

A

sebaceous gland

36
Q

Which layer of hair is not always present?

A

Medulla

37
Q

cuticle

A

keratinized single cell layer, line up like shingles on outside of hair

38
Q

Which hair layer contains the pigment?

A

cortex

39
Q

simple hair follicles

A

single hair from one external orifice

40
Q

compound hair follicles

A

one or few primary hairs with several secondary hairs
All hairs emerge from same external orifice
Arrangement of these depends on species, breed, and age

41
Q

Where do the glands open into the hair follicle? Which glands

A

Sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands open into hair shaft itself

42
Q

primary hairs

A

large, medulla present, guard hairs

43
Q

secondary hairs

A

small, less or absent medulla, undercoat

44
Q

How do follicles change with age?

A

follicles are simple at birth and become compound as the number of primary and secondary hairs in the follicle increase

45
Q

Whiskers

A

sinus or tactile hairs
blood filled cavity between inner and outer dermal sheath
innervated by sensory nerve bundles

46
Q

Stages of hair growth

A
  1. Anagen
  2. Catagen
  3. Telogen
  4. Renewed anagen
47
Q

Anagen phase

A

active growth phase in hair matrix and dermal papilla

48
Q

catagen phase

A

growth slows and stops, entire bulb and matrix become keratinized and moves toward sebaceous glands, more superficially located
dermal papillae comes out of bulb

49
Q

telogen phase

A

inner root sheath breaks down, follicle is resting ( quiescent), club/brush hair
length of this phase is breed and species dependent (arctic dogs have longer telogen phase)

50
Q

renewed anagen phase

A

new hair pushes out the old one

51
Q

Factors impacting hair growth?

A

hormones, day-length, temperature and nutrition

52
Q

Claw

A

derivitative of epidermis and dermis
Covers distal phalanges
keratinized epidermis includes dorsal ridge, walls, and sole
underlying dermis (corium) is rich in blood supply (quick) and creates the epidermal parts like the sole

53
Q

What causes the claw to curve?

A

dorsal ridge divides at a faster rate than sole

54
Q

How is keratin softer or harder at different parts of the claw?

A

Sole is softer keratin than the wall and dorsal ridge

55
Q

Horns

A

hollow, found in both male and female cattle, sheep and goats,
boney core is cornual process of the frontal bone and covered by dermal core then the keratinized epithelium
Permanent

56
Q

Antlers

A

solid, usually only in male cervids (female reindeers and caribou can have them), bony outgrowth of frontal bone (pedicle) covered in epidermis and dermis in the form of velvet, shed seasonally
Dermis and epidermis are only present during antler development until it is shed

57
Q

Mammary gland

A

tubuloalveolar gland, modified sweat glands, alveoli, ducts, and interstitial tissue
merocrine secretion of protein and carbohydrates and apocrine secretion of lipids
Active and inactive as they are not always producing milk.
Cells become columnar with activated
Myoepithelial cells squeeze out milk

58
Q

involution

A

full development of mammary glands after the birth of the first offspring,
Connective tissue and adipocytes are introduced to mammary glands causing more milk during these first lactations

59
Q

Anal sacs

A

paired diverticula opening into the anal canal at anocutaneous junction
Located between internal and external sphincter muscles

60
Q

Makeup of anal sacs in dogs vs cats

A

Dogs: apocrine glands in the wall, sebaceous glands near the duct
Cats: sebaceous and apocrine glands in the wall

Histo Final Exam Extravaganza! (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions