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Histo Final Exam Extravaganza! > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

loose and dense connective tissue

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2
Q

specialized connective tissue

A

cartilage, bone, and blood

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3
Q

mesenchymal stem cells

A

precursor than can differentiate into all types of connective tissue

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4
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

3D framework supporting epithelium and other tissues and soft organs, heat regulation, storage, preserve organ structure, protection

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5
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

sparse cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)

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6
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

bulk of connective tissue, fibers, ground substance, secreted by connective tissue cells, gives the connective tissue its characteristics

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7
Q

ground substance

A

matrix between fibers, made of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and water

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8
Q

fibers in ECM

A

combination of collagen and elastin

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9
Q

Collagen

A

high tensile strength (especially type I), secreted as procollagen and assembled extracellularly

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10
Q

5 most common types of collagen

A
  1. Skin, vessels, tendon, organ capsule, bone (most common)
  2. Cartilage
  3. Reticular Fibers (organs)
  4. Basement membrane
  5. hair and placenta
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11
Q

which collagen types compose 80-90% of body?

A

Types I, II, and III

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12
Q

Type III collagen

A

thinner than other types, stained using silver, provide supporting framework to soft organs

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13
Q

Elastin

A

stretch and recoil, proelasted secreted by fibroblasts, assembled extracellularly, need special stain to view

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14
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

chains of sugars with repeating disaccharide unit
Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate: cartilage
Dermatan sulfate: skin
Keratan sulfate: bone, cornea
Heparan sulfate: basement membrane

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15
Q

proteoglycans

A

GAGs linked to a protein core, can be linked together by a core molecule

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16
Q

(resident) cells of connective tissue proper

A

fibroblasts/ fibrocytes, adipocytes, mast cells, macrophages

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17
Q

What are the transient cells of connective tissue proper and when is it more common?

A

Lymphocytes/ plasma cells, leukocytes (white blood cells), more common during infection

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18
Q

fibroblasts

A

building cells of connective tissue, produce ECM found in proper connective tissue

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19
Q

fibrocytes

A

fibers including procollagen and proelastin, less active than fibroblasts but can be further stimulated

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20
Q

unilocular adipocytes

A

white fat, one large lipid droplet inside cell, nucleus not always present

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21
Q

multilocular adipocytes

A

brown fat, common in young animals and hibernating animals, multiple vacuoles of lipid droplets, color due to mitochondria, metabolically active

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22
Q

mast cells

A

ovoid shape, can be quite large, basophilic granules, chemical mediators (histamine)

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23
Q

macrophages

A

professional phagocytes, derived from monocytes, , become very large and multinucleated when activated

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24
Q

loose connective tissue

A

areolar (air) connective tissue, more common than dense, ground substance is more abundant

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25
Q

dense connective tissue

A

fibers (mostly type I collagen) are more abundant than ground substance, strong, includes dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue

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26
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

strong in one direction, parallel to orientation of fibers, tendons and ligaments

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27
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

strong in many directions, eg. dermis

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28
Q

locations of cartilage

A

fetal skeleton, supporting framework, on articulating surfaces (joints)

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29
Q

characteristics of cartilage

A

strong and pliable connective tissue, no blood vessels or nerves, uses diffusion for nutrients and waste

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30
Q

components of cartilage

A

few cells: chondroblasts and chondrocytes
ECM: 70-80% water
Fibers: 40% dry weight, collagen and sometimes elastin
Ground substance: 60% dry weight, GAGs and proteoglycans

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31
Q

chondroblast vs chondrocyte

A

chondroblast builds cartilage

chondrocyte maintains ECM

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32
Q

Cartilage types

A 
hyaline cartilage (most common): articulating surface and trachea
Elastic cartilage: epiglottis and ear canal
Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs, menisci (in stifle and TMJ)
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33
Q

cartilage structure

A

surrounded by perichondrium, chondrocytes in lacunae surrounded by matrix and fibers

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34
Q

perichondrium

A

outer fibrous layer with fibrocytes and collagen and inner cellular layers with rounder “chondroblasts”, dense irregular connective tissue, outer layer is structural while inner layer is chondrogenic

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35
Q

functions of hyaline cartilage

A

found in nose, larynx, connects ribs to sternum, tracheal rings and bronchi, articulating surfaces, fetal skeleton and growth plates (helps increase bone length)

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36
Q

At what level can chondroblasts and chondrocytes be differentiated?

A

When cells leave the perichondrium they can be called chondroblasts or chondrocytes

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37
Q

Why can’t type II collagen be differentiated on the slide?

A

Type II collagen has the same refractive index as ground substance

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38
Q

How do chondroblasts and chondrocytes differ in appearance?

A

Less ECM around chondroblasts, chondroblasts are slightly rounder

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39
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage at movable joints, made of water, collagen, GAGs, and proteoglycans
few cells, lacks a perichondrium so depends on diffusion from synovial fluid, slow remodeling

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40
Q

matrix of articular cartilage

A

type II collagen, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, attracts water which is crucial for shock absorption

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41
Q

How does the structure of the ECM help absorption of water?

A

Proteoglycans have have negative charges that repel protein core. Water fills in this space as hydrogen bonds are attracted by negative charge
collagen arrangement pushing against each other helps to contain tissue so it does not expand too much

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42
Q

Superficial vs deep articular cartilage

A

Superficial: more water collagen and cells, arches
deep: less water, collagen, and cell, more proteoglycans help to draw in water

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43
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers, type II collagen, lacuna and chondrocytes, visible elastic fibers

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44
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

lacks perichondrium, type I collagen, cells aligned in alternating parallel rows with thick bundles of collagen between,

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45
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Where strong tensile forces are present so fibrocartilage resists compression. eg. IVD, menisci, tendon/bone junctions

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46
Q

Fibrocartilage vs dense regular connective tissue?

A

hard to differentiate, fibrocartilage cells are rounder and have lacunae, lined in rows

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47
Q

appositional growth of cartilage

A

addition of cells (chondroblasts) immediately deep to the perichondrium

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48
Q

interstitial growth of cartilage

A

division of chondrocyte in lacuna already surrounded by matrix

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49
Q

isogenous group

A

2-4 daughter cells present after cell division

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50
Q

functions of bone

A

support, protection, hematopoiesis, mineral storage, attachment, lever system

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51
Q

bone composition

A

few cells, very little ground substance, ECM about 10% water, 2/3 inorganic (minerals) and 1/3 organic

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52
Q

components of organic material in bone

A

about 80-90% Type I collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans

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53
Q

mineral component of bone

A

added rigidity

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54
Q

osteoprogenitor

A

gives rise to osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells

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55
Q

osteoblasts

A

formation and mineralization of bone matrix

56
Q

osteocytes

A

mature osteoblasts, maintain bone

57
Q

osteoclasts

A

breakdown bone matrix and woven bone, differentiated monocytes

58
Q

periosteium

A

outer covering of bone, outer fibrous layer containing collagen fibers and blood vessels (dense irregular connective tissue)
Inner cellular layer: osteogenic (still not many cells)

59
Q

endosteum

A

inner lining of bone, single cell layer, simple squamous, marrow, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

60
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

perforating fibers, collagen in periosteium intimately invested in bone collagen

61
Q

compact bone

A

cortical/ dense bone

62
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy/ trabecular bone, more common in epiphysis of long bone

63
Q

epiphysis

A

enlarged ends of long bones, covered with articular cartilage at joints
compact bone become thinner and spongy bone increases

64
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bones, hollow containing bone marrow

65
Q

osteon

A

functional unit of compact bone

Includes Haversian canal, concentric rings, canaliculi

66
Q

Central canal

A

Haversian canal, parallel to bone surface, contains blood vessels and nerves

67
Q

lamina of bone

A

concentric rings of osteocytes in lacunae

68
Q

canaliculi

A

open into central canal for fluid/waste/nutrient exchange, connect the lamina
Osteocytes project into canaliculi for communication

69
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

PTH, causes Ca within fluids surrounding each osteocyte and whithin canaliculi to be pumped into blood

70
Q

Perforating canal

A

connects central canal, perpendicular to bone surface

71
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

haphazardly placed between osteons, allowing for a variety of shapes

72
Q

cancellous bone

A

large open spaces surrounded by thin anastomosing plates of bone, lined by endosteum, organized around stress points, helps decrease weight

73
Q

microscopic structure of spongy bone

A

no osteons or central canal, lamella organized as trabeculae with osteocytes in lacunae, not as tight within compact bone, canaliculi open at the trabecular surface below the endosteum instead of the central canal and fluid nutrients exchanged

74
Q

why is bone decalcified in slide preparation

A

to see the osteocytes

75
Q

bone marrow

A

core of bones, hematopoiesis, part of lymphatic system, 4% of total body weight

76
Q

Red bone marrow

A

hematopoietically active, present at birth, gradually converted to yellow marrow

77
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

primarily adipocytes, can revert to red in case of severe blood loss

78
Q

osteogenesis

A

calcified bone replaces connective tissue

79
Q

intramembranous osteogenesis

A

ossification of connective tissue membrane, mesenchyme condenses and cells begin to produce collagen fibrils and thicken the matrix between fibrals, osteoblasts differentiate from mesenchymal cells then secrete collagen matrix, osteoblasts are ossification centers, forming trabeculae, adding additional layers, and fusing with other trabeculae, flat bones of skull, fracture repair

80
Q

endochondral osteogenesis

A

intracartilaginous, bone forms to replace pre-existing cartilage model (hyaline), fracture repair

81
Q

woven bone

A

remodels itself to make lamellar bone, early bone in both intramembranous and endochondral ossification,

82
Q

Woven vs. lamellar bone

A

woven bone has irregular arrangement of collagen fibers, formed rapidly, not as strong, replaced by . . .
Lamellar bone: organized matrix, deposited in layers/ stronger

83
Q

endochondral ossification

A

occurs in long bones in fetal development, mesenchymal cells become chondroblasts, hyaline cartilage model replaced by bone, bone collar forms on the outside of the cartilage model,
chondrocytes in center of model hypertrophy, calcify the matrix, and die
vessels invade the cartilage matrix, osteoblasts invade and begin to make bone, initially on the surface of calcified cartilage spicules

84
Q

growth in length of bone

A

growth at physis (endochondral ossification),

interstitial growth of cartilage provides length for ossification

85
Q

physis

A

cartilage plate between epiphysis and diaphysis

86
Q

which part of the bone is likely to become infected in the case of injury?

A

Where blood vessels turns within the inner calcified layer

87
Q

Bone remodeling

A

bone is constantly remodeled throughout lifetime, cause change in shape due to mechanical stress
Facilitates calcium homeostasis, increases in diameter, repair of bone

88
Q

growth in diameter

A

new bone deposition under periosteum,

bone reabsorption along the interior edge (under endosteum)

89
Q

reactive phase

A

fracture, hematoma, and inflammation

granulation type tissue formation (new connective tissue and blood vessels, fills wound)

90
Q

reparative phase

A 
callus formation with woven bone, cartilage, and connective tissue
bone deposition (endochondral and intramembranous ossification
91
Q

remodeling phase

A

converting woven bone to lamellar bone, may continue for years

92
Q

sources of cells for remodeling

A

chondroblasts and osteoblasts from periosteum and endosteum, mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow

93
Q

Components of blood

A
  1. Cells: erythrocytes and leukocytes
  2. Cell fragments: Platelets
  3. Plasma: mostly (91%) water and some proteins, gases, and ions
94
Q

How is the ground substance different in blood?

A

There is no ground substance because plasma is not produced by the component cells

95
Q

Clotting vs Sedimentation

A

Sedimentation occurs when clotting is prevented in order to distinguish the blood components

96
Q

3 layer of sedimentation of blood

A
  1. Erythrocytes, used to calculate PCV
  2. Buffy coat: leukocytes and thrombocytes (platelets)
  3. Plasma
97
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid component of blood
~55% total blood volume.
Contains water soluble salts/ions and organic molecules like albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

98
Q

serum

A

plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors

99
Q

Cell fragments in blood

A

Platelets/ thrombocytes, megakaryocyte fragments

Function: homeostasis/clotting

100
Q

Are platelets always fragments?

A

No, in some animals they are complete cells

101
Q

How are platelets formed?

A

Megakaryocytes in bone marrow project cytoplasm into the blood vessel and fragments break off to become platelets

102
Q

Platelet Activation

A

mediated by receptors, results in spiky shape,
degranulation: release of granules
aggregation

103
Q

Granulocytes

A

segmented leukocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

104
Q

Agranulocytes

A

mononuclear leukocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes

105
Q

erythrocytes

A

non-nucleated in mammals, biconcave disk shape (camelids have elliptical shape)
Hemoglobin rich

106
Q

Neutrophils

A

granules do not stain, most common WBC in most species

Early responder to infection, phagocytosis

107
Q

Eosinophils

A

granules stain red to reddish-orange with eosin
Combat parasites
Can be source of inflammation in allergic reaction,
non-phagocytic

108
Q

Basophil

A

granules stain blue with basophilic hematoxylin. Rare to find in circulation
Source of inflammation in an allergic reaction (histamine)
NOT related to mast cells

109
Q

Monocyte

A 
2-8% of WBC, enter the following tissues:
skin (langerhans cells)
bone (osteoclasts)
brain (microglia)
other tissues (macrophages)
110
Q

Lymphocyte

A

T cells and B cells, second most common type of WBC in most species (most common in pigs and ruminants)
little cytoplasm and a large nucleus, smallest WBC (1.5 x RBC)
Need special stain to differentiate T and B cells

111
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells in bone marrow (adults, liver and spleen (young)

112
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

arise from mesenchymal stem cells

Multipotent myeloid and lymphoid cells are produced from division of pluripotent and are slightly more specialized

113
Q

Does hematopoiesis take place in vascular or extravascular space of bone marrow?

A

Extravascular. vascular is continuous with blood stream.

114
Q

How do the proportions of red and yellow bone marrow change with age?

A

Yellow marrow increases and red marrow decreases

115
Q

What bone types have the most hematopoiesis?

A

Flat bones and epiphyses of long bones

116
Q

Which cells come from common myeloid progenitor?

A

Everything except lymphocytes, including megakaryocytes

117
Q

erythropoiesis

A

most active component of hematopoiesis.
Maturation takes 5-7 days or 3-5 when demand is high.
Reticulocytes are released into circulation and complete final maturation in a day. Contain RNA but no nucleus

118
Q

Erythropoietin

A

(EPO) increases erythrocyte production, secreted by kidney, acts at all stages of erythrocyte maturation

119
Q

Changes to RBC during maturation

A

size, nuclear size and basophilia decreases, hemoglobin increases

120
Q

Last nuclear stage of erythropoiesis?

A

metarubricyte

121
Q

Why is a blood smear necessary when we already have the blood count?

A

The count can include metarubricytes and rubricytes in the WBC rather than red
These progenitors have more cytoplasm than lymphocytes

122
Q

Granulocyte production

A

developing neutrophils are most numerous in bone marrow. Maturation takes 6-9 days but shorter when needed. Last step is band cell
Some mature cells are stored in bone until they are needed (about 7x those that are in circulation)

123
Q

What is important about the first stages of hematopoiesis?

A

these allow for the expansion of the cell

124
Q

Monocyte production

A

allow with granulocytes
do not fully mature until enter tissue and become macrophages
Produces: macrophages, microglia, osteoclasts

125
Q

How are granulocyte and monocyte production related?

A

directly, they occur alongside each other so if granulocyte production increases, so will monocyte production

126
Q

megakaryocytes

A

produce platelets

multinucleated cells

127
Q

hemostasis

A

the process the causes bleeding to stop

Includes: endothelial cells, platelets, coagulation factors

128
Q

When does bleeding occur?

A

when a vessel is damage

129
Q

What are the consequences of too much or too little hemostasis?

A

Too much: coagulation in vessel

Too little: blood won’t clot

130
Q

Primary hemostasis

A

Platelet Plug
Contraction of vessel smooth muscle (vasoconstriction)
Platelet activation due to exposed collagen, adhesion/aggregation
endothelial cells and platelets release factors to facilitate plug formation
Granules released by platelets activates more platelets

131
Q

von Willibrandes factor

A

vWF, increases stickiness of exposed collagen so platelets can stick

132
Q

Secondary hemostasis

A

coagulation to form a fibrin meshwork
thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin (soluble to insoluble)
Fibrin production is the end result of several reaction involving coagulation factors, non enzymatic cofactors, calcium, and phospholipid membranes (mainly platelets)

133
Q

Coagulation cascade

A

both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in the animal.
Calcium is important cofactor. EDTA chelates calcium to stop coagulation
Inactive cofactors circulate within blood until they are activated. Pathways activated at point of injury
Many pathways are used to amplify signal to ensure coagulation

134
Q

Which vitamin is a required cofactor for coagulation?

A

Vitamin K

135
Q

Antithrombin III

A

inactivates thrombin, makes sure clot doesn’t form in areas where it is not needed

136
Q

Endothelial effects

A

inhibit platelet aggregation with NO, PGI2 and ADP

137
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

A

DIC, caused by endothelial damage (endotoxins from sepsis), platelet activation (some viruses), release of tissue procoagulants (HBC)

Histo Final Exam Extravaganza! (9 decks)

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