integration of metabolsim

Question 1

this pathway provides energy, excess used for lipogenesis in liver and adipose

Answer 1

glycolysis

Question 2

this pathway provides a link between glycolysis and CAC (pyruvate -> acetyl-CoA)

Answer 2

PDH complex (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)

Question 3

this pathway includes the oxidation of acetyl-coA, coupled to reduction of NAD+/FAD

Answer 3

citric acid cycle

Question 4

this pathway provides glucose to the bloodstream (i.e. during starvation)

Answer 4

glujconeogeneis

Question 5

this pathway includes NADH/FADH2 oxidation coupled to ATP synthesis

Answer 5

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

this pathway supplies glucose for ATP synthesis within “that” tissue (e.g. muscle), but in the liver it serves to maintain blood glucose levels

Answer 6

glycogenolysis

Question 7

this pathway stores carbohydrates

Answer 7

glycogen synthesis

Question 8

this pathway provides energy

Answer 8

beta-oxidation

Question 9

this pathway provides pentose sugars for nucleotide synthesis and NADPH for anabolic pathways (e.g, lipid synthesis)

Answer 9

pentose phosphate pathway

Question 10

this pathway stores ‘energy’, synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol esters and used as signalling molecules

Answer 10

fatty acid synthesis

Question 11

this pathway is used in membrane synthesis, bile acid/salt synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis and used to make oxysterols

Answer 11

cholesterol synthesis

Question 12

this pathway is used by non-liver tissue during starvation (but not RBC’s)

Answer 12

ketone bodies

Question 13

this pathway delivers fatty acids and monoglyceride to tissues and can modify the type/density of lipoprotein

Answer 13

lipoprotein metabolism

Question 14

this pathway detoxifies ammonia

Answer 14

urea cycle

Question 15

what two pathways can occur in all tissues

Answer 15

glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway

Question 16

what three pathways can occur in most tissues but not in RBC’s

Answer 16

PDH complex, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 17

what pathway can occur in most tissues, but not in RBC’s with very little activity in the brain

Answer 17

beta-oxidation

Question 18

which pathway occurs in most tissues but mainly in the muscle and the liver

Answer 18

glycogen synthesis

Question 19

which two pathways occur only in the liver

Answer 19

ketone bodies and urea cycle

Question 20

which pathway occurs in liver and kidneys

Answer 20

gluconeogenesis

Question 21

which pathway occurs in liver and muscle

Answer 21

glycogenolysis

Question 22

which pathway occurs in live and adipose tissue

Answer 22

fatty acid synthesis

Question 23

which pathway occurs in all tissue but mainly liver

Answer 23

cholesterol synthesis

Question 24

what pathway occurs in the bloodstream

Answer 24

lipoprotein metabolsim

Question 25

because they lack mitochondria, red blood cells must get energy from a) citric acid cycle b) beta-oxidation c) ketone bodies d) anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 25

d

Question 26

this organ processes fats, carbohydrates, and proteins from diet; synthesizes and distributes lipids, ketone bodies, and glucose for other tissues; converts excess nitrogen to urea

Answer 26

liver

Question 27

these molecules are: - exported as glucose to replenish blood glucose - used to synthesize glycogen - enters glycolysis -> PDH complex -> CAC - used to synthesize fatty acids - enters the PPP to yield NADPH and pentoses

Answer 27

carbohydrates

Question 28

these molecules are: - used to synthesize proteins - enter the bloodstream to pass to other organs - used as precursors for proteins, nucleotides, hormones, etc - converted to pyruvate (various fates) and ammonia

Answer 28

amino acids

Question 29

the molecules are: - converted to liver lipids - undergo beta-oxidation to form acetyl-coA (various fates) and NADH - converted to phospholipids and TAGs of plasma lipoproteins - bind to albumin in the blood for transport to the heart and skeletal muscles

Answer 29

lipids

Question 30

which pathway is central to metabolic control and maintenance of a steady state in vertebrates? a) glycolysis b) beta-oxidation of fats c) citric acid cycle d) pentose phosphate (both phases)

Answer 30

c

Question 31

in what state does insulin bring about the conversion of excess blood glucose after a meal to: - glycogen in the liver and muscle - TAGs in adipose tissue

Answer 31

well-fed state

Question 32

in what state does lowered blood glucose trigger the pancreas to secrete glucagon and decrease the release of insulin

Answer 32

fasted state

Question 33

this stimulates glucose synthesis and release by the liver - stimulating glycogen breakdown - preventing glycolysis - promoting gluconeogenesis also mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue

Answer 33

glucagon

Question 34

slowing of insulin secretion and increasing glucagon secretion mobilize _____

Answer 34

TAGs

Question 35

the liver converts fatty acids to _________ for export to other tissues, including the brain

Answer 35

ketone bodies

Question 36

how fast do glucose plasma levels start to diminish during starvation

Answer 36

2 days

Question 37

when do ketone body levels start to rise during starvation

Answer 37

2-4 days

Question 38

true/false: acetone is a waste product of metabolism

Answer 38

false

Question 39

in the first sequence of starvation, blood sugar and insulin levels begin to fall and the liver starts to break down _____ stores (releasing glucose)

Answer 39

glycogen

Question 40

after 24--36h or starvation, glycogen stores become too depleted and the liver begins _______ (making glucose from amino acids)

Answer 40

gluconeogensis

Question 41

after 2-3 days of starvation, the continued low insulin levels stimulate the breakdown of ____ for energy

Answer 41

fat

Question 42

during starvation, the _____ from triglyceride breakdown is used for gluconeogensis (this helps persevere amino acids for protein synthesis)

Answer 42

glycerol

Question 43

during starvation, fatty acids from triglyceride breakdown is used to provide energy, but this cannot occur in the brain. to provide energy to the brain, the liver produces _______ which can cross the blood brain barrier

Answer 43

ketone Bodies

Question 44

during starvation, after fat stores are completely depleted, the breakdown of _____ becomes the main source of energy for all cells

Answer 44

proteins

Question 45

during starvation, essential proteins from the ____ and _____ are degraded and amino acids are utilized. this leads to increased muscle wasting and negative impacts on organ function and eventually death

Answer 45

heart and liver