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metabolism 3206 > integration of metabolsim > Flashcards

integration of metabolsim Flashcards

1
Q

this pathway provides energy, excess used for lipogenesis in liver and adipose

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

this pathway provides a link between glycolysis and CAC (pyruvate -> acetyl-CoA)

A

PDH complex (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)

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3
Q

this pathway includes the oxidation of acetyl-coA, coupled to reduction of NAD+/FAD

A

citric acid cycle

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4
Q

this pathway provides glucose to the bloodstream (i.e. during starvation)

A

glujconeogeneis

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5
Q

this pathway includes NADH/FADH2 oxidation coupled to ATP synthesis

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

this pathway supplies glucose for ATP synthesis within “that” tissue (e.g. muscle), but in the liver it serves to maintain blood glucose levels

A

glycogenolysis

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7
Q

this pathway stores carbohydrates

A

glycogen synthesis

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8
Q

this pathway provides energy

A

beta-oxidation

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9
Q

this pathway provides pentose sugars for nucleotide synthesis and NADPH for anabolic pathways (e.g, lipid synthesis)

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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10
Q

this pathway stores ‘energy’, synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol esters and used as signalling molecules

A

fatty acid synthesis

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11
Q

this pathway is used in membrane synthesis, bile acid/salt synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis and used to make oxysterols

A

cholesterol synthesis

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12
Q

this pathway is used by non-liver tissue during starvation (but not RBC’s)

A

ketone bodies

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13
Q

this pathway delivers fatty acids and monoglyceride to tissues and can modify the type/density of lipoprotein

A

lipoprotein metabolism

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14
Q

this pathway detoxifies ammonia

A

urea cycle

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15
Q

what two pathways can occur in all tissues

A

glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway

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16
Q

what three pathways can occur in most tissues but not in RBC’s

A

PDH complex, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

what pathway can occur in most tissues, but not in RBC’s with very little activity in the brain

A

beta-oxidation

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18
Q

which pathway occurs in most tissues but mainly in the muscle and the liver

A

glycogen synthesis

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19
Q

which two pathways occur only in the liver

A

ketone bodies and urea cycle

20
Q

which pathway occurs in liver and kidneys

A

gluconeogenesis

21
Q

which pathway occurs in liver and muscle

A

glycogenolysis

22
Q

which pathway occurs in live and adipose tissue

A

fatty acid synthesis

23
Q

which pathway occurs in all tissue but mainly liver

A

cholesterol synthesis

24
Q

what pathway occurs in the bloodstream

A

lipoprotein metabolsim

25
Q

because they lack mitochondria, red blood cells must get energy from
a) citric acid cycle
b) beta-oxidation
c) ketone bodies
d) anaerobic glycolysis

A

d

26
Q

this organ processes fats, carbohydrates, and proteins from diet; synthesizes and distributes lipids, ketone bodies, and glucose for other tissues; converts excess nitrogen to urea

A

liver

27
Q

these molecules are:
- exported as glucose to replenish blood glucose
- used to synthesize glycogen
- enters glycolysis -> PDH complex -> CAC
- used to synthesize fatty acids
- enters the PPP to yield NADPH and pentoses

A

carbohydrates

28
Q

these molecules are:
- used to synthesize proteins
- enter the bloodstream to pass to other organs
- used as precursors for proteins, nucleotides, hormones, etc
- converted to pyruvate (various fates) and ammonia

A

amino acids

29
Q

the molecules are:
- converted to liver lipids
- undergo beta-oxidation to form acetyl-coA (various fates) and NADH
- converted to phospholipids and TAGs of plasma lipoproteins
- bind to albumin in the blood for transport to the heart and skeletal muscles

A

lipids

30
Q

which pathway is central to metabolic control and maintenance of a steady state in vertebrates?
a) glycolysis
b) beta-oxidation of fats
c) citric acid cycle
d) pentose phosphate (both phases)

A

c

31
Q

in what state does insulin bring about the conversion of excess blood glucose after a meal to:
- glycogen in the liver and muscle
- TAGs in adipose tissue

A

well-fed state

32
Q

in what state does lowered blood glucose trigger the pancreas to secrete glucagon and decrease the release of insulin

A

fasted state

33
Q

this stimulates glucose synthesis and release by the liver
- stimulating glycogen breakdown
- preventing glycolysis
- promoting gluconeogenesis
also mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue

A

glucagon

34
Q

slowing of insulin secretion and increasing glucagon secretion mobilize _____

A

TAGs

35
Q

the liver converts fatty acids to _________ for export to other tissues, including the brain

A

ketone bodies

36
Q

how fast do glucose plasma levels start to diminish during starvation

A

2 days

37
Q

when do ketone body levels start to rise during starvation

A

2-4 days

38
Q

true/false: acetone is a waste product of metabolism

A

false

39
Q

in the first sequence of starvation, blood sugar and insulin levels begin to fall and the liver starts to break down _____ stores (releasing glucose)

A

glycogen

40
Q

after 24–36h or starvation, glycogen stores become too depleted and the liver begins _______ (making glucose from amino acids)

A

gluconeogensis

41
Q

after 2-3 days of starvation, the continued low insulin levels stimulate the breakdown of ____ for energy

A

fat

42
Q

during starvation, the _____ from triglyceride breakdown is used for gluconeogensis (this helps persevere amino acids for protein synthesis)

A

glycerol

43
Q

during starvation, fatty acids from triglyceride breakdown is used to provide energy, but this cannot occur in the brain. to provide energy to the brain, the liver produces _______ which can cross the blood brain barrier

A

ketone Bodies

44
Q

during starvation, after fat stores are completely depleted, the breakdown of _____ becomes the main source of energy for all cells

A

proteins

45
Q

during starvation, essential proteins from the ____ and _____ are degraded and amino acids are utilized. this leads to increased muscle wasting and negative impacts on organ function and eventually death

A

heart and liver

metabolism 3206 (7 decks)

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