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Biochemistry > Integration of metabolism > Flashcards

Integration of metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What organs and molecules are the primary, junctional focus of all metabolic pathways?

A
  • liver, as it can carry out all processes

- junction points: G-6-P, pyruvate, acetyl CoA

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2
Q

What pathways occur in the cytosol?

A
  • glycolysis
  • pentose phosphate pathway
  • fatty acid synthesis
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3
Q

What pathway occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?

A
  • citric acid cycle
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • B-oxidation of fatty acids
  • ketone body formation
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4
Q

What occurs in both cytosol and mitochondrial matrix?

A
  • gluconeogenesis

- urea synthesis

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5
Q

What molecules can all form Acetyl CoA, to then enter TCA and ox phos?

A
  • glucose
  • fatty acids
  • amino acids
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6
Q

Lipid and amino acid breakdown stimulated by glucocoritcoids in the liver produces what?

A
  • ketone bodies in the blood

- -produce ATP at specified site

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7
Q

Glucogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver, stimulated by glucocorticoids andd epinephrine produce what?

A

-glucose used in neural tissue for ATP production

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8
Q

What stimulate glucogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver?

A
  • glucocorticoids
  • epinephrine
  • glucagon
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9
Q

Where does triglyceride (TAG) breakdown occur?

A

-adipose tissue, when energy is required and body is in starvation mode

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10
Q

What is produced from TAG breakdown?

A

-Fatty acids, that form ATP, except in the neural tissue

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11
Q

Protein breakdown by cathepsins occurs where?

A

skeletal muscle, to produce glucose for energy burning

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12
Q

What are the final products when cathepsin breaks down proteins in skeletal muscle?

A
  • formation of amino acids, which generate gluconeogenesis and ketone bodies
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13
Q

Glycogen breakdown and glycolysis occurring in skeletal muscle produce what compounds for what purpose?

A
  • lactic acid for gluconeogenesis
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14
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A
  • insulin during high BG

- glucagon during low BG

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15
Q

What does the liver process?

A
  • fats
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
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16
Q

What is the liver able to synthesize?

A
  • lipids
  • ketone bodies: during starvation
  • glucose: during starvation
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17
Q

What can the liver convert to protect the body?

A
  • reduces the nitrogen balance by converting nitrogen to urea
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18
Q

What is the primary task of the small intestine?

A

-absorb nutrients from diet and move them into blood of lymphatic system

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19
Q

What is the primary task of skeletal muscle?

A

-consume mass amounts of ATP so we can live our lives

20
Q

Adipose tissue is used for what purpose?

A

-synthesize, store, mobilize TAG

21
Q

The liver is referred to as the #1 metabolic player, why?

A
  • rapid response to dietary conditions and rapid enzyme turnover
  • processes toxins and wastes; send to urea
  • form plasma proteins
  • compensates for nutrient fluctuations in blood
22
Q

Where does the liver receive the majority of its energy?

A

ß-oxidation of fatty acids

23
Q

Glucagon and epinephrine act on what structures?

A
  • adipocytes to release FA’s and glycerols

- FA are transported in blood via albumin

24
Q

What constitutes as anaerobic activity?

A
  • bursts of heavy activity.
  • use phosphocreatine to generate creatine for 10 s energy burn
  • creatine converts back during rest
25
Q

Explain the Cori cycle and why it can’t sustain for prolonged periods of time.

A
  • conversion of glycogen to lactate; lactate to glucose (in liver) then glucose used in muscle for burning
  • Liver uses ATP for glucogenesis and will burn out energy source eventually
26
Q

What makes the brain so susceptible to ischemia during a stroke or other type of blood flow inhibiting process?

A
  • no energy stores at all

- therefore brain tissue dies rapidly

27
Q

How much oxygen does the brain use when a person is at rest?

A
  • 20% and it is only 2% of our body mass
28
Q

During the starvation process, how does the brain survive?

A

-produces ketone bodies from acetyl CoA

29
Q

What is specific about cardiac tissue, and without this molecule will lead to cardiac arrest?

A

-aerobic respiration.

unable to generate energy anaerobically, therefore lack of O2 leads to death

30
Q

What is the effect of insulin on blood glucose?

A
  • decreases BG

- promotes storage as TAG or Glycogen

31
Q

How does insulin bind?

A
  • binds to tyrosine kinase receptor, which forms a dimer on the surface of cell to activate cAMP
  • generates long term and immediate processes
32
Q

How does epinephrine produce an effect?

A

-use of GPCR which form cAMP second messengers

33
Q

What effect does glucagon have on blood glucose?

A
  • promotes the production and release of glucose by the liver
  • insinuates starvation mode
34
Q

How does glucagon produce a signaling effect?

A

-use of GPCR

35
Q

What molecule regulates most, if not all, of energy balance in the cells?

A

-AMP-activated protein kinase

36
Q

When will AMP-activated protein kinase be active?

A

-is active with high levels of AMP, as there are low levels of ATP

37
Q

What happens is ATP levels are high, to AMP-activated protein kinase?

A
  • the enzyme will be deactivated, as no new energy is required to be made at the time
38
Q

Explain why ATP and AMP are able to regulate the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase.

A
  • ATP and AMP compete for binding sites on the kinase.

- -high levels of ATP will block AMP, and render the kinase inactive.

39
Q

What is the primary purpose of leptin, and what happens if it is destroyed?

A
  • leptin signals the brain when you are full to stop eating.

- if inactive, person will never feel full

40
Q

Describe one hypothesis as to what may be a potential cause of obesity, rather than poor diet.

A

-TKR are activated by leptin. It is possible that the specific TKR become tolerant of the [leptin] signal and begin to produce more weak signals, conveying the feeling of not being “full”

41
Q

What components contribute to the tolerance or weakening of the signal that is generated by the leptin TKR?

A
  • suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)
42
Q

The SIR2 gene may contribute to what?

A
  • extend life longevity
43
Q

Where do sirtuins come from?

A

-generated from NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase reactions

44
Q

What is the effect of high ATP on NAD+ and NADH?

A
  • high ATP levels will result in shut down of TCA cycle, which will reduce the amount of NADH, and increase the amount of NAD+
45
Q

What effect will high ATP levels have on oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • the TCA cycle will shut down reducing NADH available. Less NADH will reduce the activity and production of ATP.
    NAHD is a primary electron carrier in Oxidative Phosphorylation.
46
Q

With high ATP levels what is pyruvate going to form?

A
  • will not likely form acetyl CoA

- will form OAA, lactate, alanine

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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