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Criminology > Integrating Criminological Theories/Life Course (Quiz 5) > Flashcards

Integrating Criminological Theories/Life Course (Quiz 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Theory Competition

A

The logical, conceptual, or empirical comparison of two or more theories to determine which offers the better or best explanation of crime

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2
Q

Theory Integration

A

identify commonalities in two or more theories to produce a synthesis that is superior to any one theory individually

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3
Q

Example of theory integration

A

Institutional-Anomie Theory: Merton’s Classic Anomie Theory+Marxist Theory

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4
Q

Types of theory integration

A

conceptual, propositional, within level, cross level

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5
Q

Conceptual (theory) integration

A

concepts from one theory overlap in meaning with concepts from another

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6
Q

Propositional integration

A

using propositions about a variable from one theory to explain the variation in variables from another theory

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7
Q

Within level integration

A

focusing solely on micro or macro level explanations

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8
Q

Cross level integration

A

using macro level theories to frame micro level theories

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9
Q

Examples of theoretical competitions

A

Free will vs. positivism, nature vs. nurture, innate human nature (noble savage vs. hedonistic calculator vs. tabula rasa), definition of crime (classical vs. consensus vs. conflict), and focus of criminology (causes of law breaking vs. process of law making)

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10
Q

Each of these integrated theories must be

A

compatible with one another but also conceptually distinct

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11
Q

Two of the most popular theory integrations have come from

A

Developmental/Life Course Criminology

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12
Q

Developmental/Life Course theories focus on the link between

A

juvenile delinquency and adult offending

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13
Q

What is the key assumption of developmental/life course theories/criminology?

A

the genesis of adult crime begins in adolescence (or earlier)

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14
Q

Developmental/Life Course theories claim that anti-social behavior begins in childhood and

A

persists into adulthood

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15
Q

Desistance

A

to stop

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16
Q

DLC criminology also attempts to explain

A

desistance of crime

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17
Q

Age crime curve

A

Crime is most prevalent during mid to late adolescence. The incidence of crime increases until ages 16-20. The incidence of crime then decreases with age in adulthood.

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18
Q

What percent of juvenile delinquents stop committing crime?

A

85%

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19
Q

What percent of juvenile delinquents continue to commit crime?

A

15%

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20
Q

Big questions in the DLC theory

A

Why does juvenile delinquency start and end? Why does some juvenile delinquency grow into adult criminality and other juvenile delinquency doesn’t?

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21
Q

Prior to age 20, most offenses are

A

group based

22
Q

Prior to age 20, the motivation for offending is

A

variable (e.g., utilitarian, for excitement/enjoyment, anger)

23
Q

Prior to age 20, diversification of offending

A

increases

24
Q

Three parts of the Developmental/Life Course Theory

A

Sources of Continuity, Sources of Change, Differing Theoretical Approaches

25
Q

Contemporary Continuity

A

processes attached to characteristics of the person

26
Q

Cumulative Continuity

A

social processes of stigmatization that affect opportunities, that is, becoming ensnared in a deviant lifestyle by crime’s consequences/negative labeling

27
Q

Contemporary continuity involves

A

carrying the same problematic traits from childhood into adulthood (trait persistence), and is divided into homotypic and heterotypic forms

28
Q

Homotypic (contemporary) continuity

A

continuity over time in the same types of behaviors or traits

29
Q

A trait or behavior shows homotypic continuity if it can be measured by the

A

same set of indicators over time (childhood, adolescence, adulthood)

30
Q

Examples of homotypic (contemporary) continuity

A

Impulsivity and IQ, physical aggression

31
Q

Heterotypic (contemporary) continuity

A

continuity in the manifestation of an underlying characteristic, some behaviors or traits take different forms over time, but are the result of the same underlying tendency

32
Q

Examples of heterotypic continuity

A

forms of childhood aggression (e.g., punching, kicking, lying) can evolve over time into verbal aggression, social aggression, or instrumental (manipulation, coercion)

33
Q

Developmental Taxonomy of Crime (1993)-Terrie Moffitt

A

A theory about continuity OR change. It argues for distinct dichotomous developmental pathways where one group persists and one desists, a separate theory for both

34
Q

Two types of offending (Developmental Taxonomy)

A

Life Course Persistent vs. Adolescent Limited Offending

35
Q

Life-Course Persistent Offenders

A

Small group that engages in anti-social behavior at every point in life (root causes are more than just social context)

36
Q

Adolescent Limited Offenders

A

Large group of delinquents (nearly 90%) where anti-social behavior is confined to adolescence

37
Q

Moffitt views the behavior of Adolescent Limited Offenders to be

A

normative

38
Q

Maturity Gap

A

physical maturity does not equate to social maturity

39
Q

Social Mimicry

A

Mimic “bad” behavior in order to demonstrate a certain level of adult-like autonomy, behavior is reinforced by positive peer rewards

40
Q

But the pattern of social mimicry is one of

A

discontinuity-when the maturity gap closes, delinquency ends

41
Q

The behavior of Adolescent Limited Offenders are

A

typically low level offenses, rebellious and non-violent forms of delinquency

42
Q

Individual risk factors of LCP offenders

A

Neuropsychological deficits in verbal intelligence and executive functions

43
Q

LCP individual risk factors: verbal intelligence

A

reading ability, receptive listening, problem-solving skills, memory, speech articulation, and writing (essentially, IQ)

44
Q

LCP individual risk factors: executive functions

A

inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

45
Q

LCP social risk factors

A

Anti-social tendencies in parents, impoverished physical and social environment

46
Q

Life Course Persistent Offenders is basically a

A

phenotypic argument

47
Q

The argument concerning Adolescent Limited Delinquents is basically a

A

strain argument

48
Q

The theory concerning Adolescent Limited Offenders assumes that

A

human agency is compromised by unseen sociological forces, micro level explanation: delinquency is a temporary condition caused by the environment

49
Q

The argument concerning Life Course Persistent Offenders is a

A

biosocial argument

50
Q

The theory concerning Life Course Persistent Offenders assumes that

A

human agency is compromised by unseen biological forces AND unseen sociological forces, humans are genetically variable

51
Q

Micro level explanation for Life Course Persistent Offenders

A

criminals are a set of people with certain genotypic tendencies that interact with the environment ….

Criminology (3 decks)

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