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Criminology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Constructionists employ a relativistic definition of crime whereby “crime is…”

A

any act deemed “criminal” by the powerful

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2
Q

What is the source of incarceration disparities in the U.S.?

A

Bias in law enforcement, bias in policy making, differential involvement

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3
Q

According to Labeling Theory, once an individual has been labeled “criminal”, that individual will be subject to engage in

A

secondary deviance, social stigmatization, self stigmatization

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4
Q

In response to negative criticisms of an overly harsh criminal justice process negatively shaming those labeled as “criminal”, Braithwaite proposed the idea of

A

a ceremony of reintegration

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5
Q

The conflict model that assumes that there are several power centers and not just one, small, all powerful elite is

A

The Pluralistic Conflict Model

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6
Q

Information that should be irrelevant to legal decision making, but that may play an important rule due to systemic or personal bias is called

A

extralegal variable

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7
Q

While not expressly concerned with crime, Marx’s Conflict Theory assumed criminalizing certain behaviors was just another tool used by the Bourgeoisie to

A

control and exploit the Proletariat

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8
Q

Quinney’s Social Reality Theory argues that “reality is a state of mind” and that “there is no reason to believe in the objective existence of anything”. Statements about subjectivity like these draw heavily upon the European tradition of

A

philosophical idealism

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9
Q

According to Quinney’s Social Reality Theory, most of the crimes that are policed/prosecuted in the U.S. would be called

A

crimes of accomodation (crimes of the powerless)

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10
Q

According to Chambliss’ Legal Reality Theory, attempts at bureaucratic efficiency compromise the idealized goal of impartial law enforcement. He called this realistic need to demonstrate utility while minimizing costs the:

A

Organizational Imperative

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11
Q

Mala in Se

A

Evil in and of itself (e.g., murder, rape)

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12
Q

Mala Prohibita

A

Wrong because prohibited (driving laws, vandalism, etc.)

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13
Q

Primary Deviance (Labeling Theory)

A

First random misbehavior that causes one to be labeled as a criminal/deviant.

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14
Q

Secondary Deviance (Labeling Theory)

A

Any deviance/acts of misbehavior after being labeled a criminal/deviant

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15
Q

Hegemony

A

the power/dominance one social group has over another

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16
Q

Marxist hegemony

A

Bourgeoisie

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17
Q

Radical/critical hegemony

A

modern scientific thought

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18
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy and how does it relate to the Labeling Theory?

A

A self-fulfilling prophecy in relation to Labeling Theory is when a person labeled as a criminal internalizes the label as an irrevocable part of themselves and then makes it true by committing more crime

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19
Q

According to Hagan’s Power Control Theory, almost all people are initially indoctrinated into the patriarchal system by:

A

the family

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20
Q

In Messerschmidt’s “Doing Gender” theory/model, the dominant cultural script that compels men to strive for competitive individualism, aggressiveness, and control over others is called

A

Hegemonic masculinity

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21
Q

According to Cornish and Clarke’s Rational Choice Theory, the most important determinant of crime is

A

choice (or a sequence of choices)

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22
Q

The “routine” in Cohen and Felson’s Routine Activities Theory refers to

A

everyday activities and the mundane/normal occurrences in life

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23
Q

Using a security camera to reduce crime in Routine Activities Theory is an example of a

A

mechanical strategy

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24
Q

According to Biosocial examinations of crime, which neurotransmitters are associated with aggression or others forms of antisocial behavior?

A

dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

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25
Q

In biosocial studies of behavioral genetics, researchers argue that there is evidence of a genetic influence on behavior when an attribute of one subject matches that of another subject who shares genetic overlap. When this attribute is present in both subjects it is called

A

concordance

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26
Q

The attempt to isolate the effects of nature from the effects of nurture motivate research like

A

adoption studies, fraternal twin studies, and identical twin studies

27
Q

According to Evolutionary Psychology, males have adopted two alternative behavioral strategies to ensure reproduction. The one that encourages a lack of long-term commitment, the use of violence, and greater dishonesty (all strong correlates of crime) is

A

the r strategy

28
Q

According to Psychological Theories of crime, a “psychopath” has these characteristics

A

a callous and unemotional affect, lack of guilt or empathy, an interpersonal style that is charming/manipulative, a parasitic lifestyle that is highly impulsive and irresponsible

29
Q

A psychopath usually does not have a

A

homicidal nature that is prone to violence and aggression

30
Q

According to the selectivity hypothesis, explain the disparity in incarceration rates among women

A

The system favors middle class/white women, so those who are not middle class or white are more likely to be incarcerated

31
Q

Selectivity hypothesis

A

system favors middle class/white women

32
Q

Typicality hypothesis

A

system favors crimes consistent to female stereotypes

33
Q

According to Feminist explanations of crime, certain women are subject to

A

chivalry and leniency in the criminal justice system

34
Q

According to the typicality hypothesis, explain the disparity in incarceration rates among women

A

The system favors crime consistent to female stereotypes (powerless crimes), so those women who violate female stereotypes and commit crimes outside of the stereotypes are more likely to be incarcerated

35
Q

How are boys and girls socialized differently according to John Hagan’s Power Control Theory?

A

Boys are taught to control their surroundings, while girls are taught to be controlled by patriarchal norms. This socialization comes from the family

36
Q

A theory is considered “conservative” when it maintains

A

the consistent denial of the role of economic inequality and structural disadvantage

37
Q

According to Felson’s Chemistry of Crime in Routine Activities Theory, every crime MUST involve what three things? Which one can we NOT address through situational crime prevention?

A

Motivated offender
Suitable target
Lack of guardianship

We cannot address the offender

38
Q

Genotype

A

the set of genes an organism carries

39
Q

Phenotype

A

an organism’s observable characteristics which are influenced by genes and environment

40
Q

Biosocial Theory focuses on the

A

phenotype

41
Q

Contemporary Continuity

A

persistence in offending due to carrying the same constellation of problematic traits/behaviors from childhood into adulthood

42
Q

Cumulative Continuity

A

when an individual becomes ensnared in a deviant lifestyle due to the long-term, negative consequences of earlier delinquency and crime

43
Q

Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy is an example of theory integration that combines

A

biosocial theory with strain theory

44
Q

According to Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy, what is the larger group of offenders containing nearly 90% of delinquents?

A

Adolescent-Limited Offenders

45
Q

Adolescent-Limited Offenders tend to engage in benign, non-violent low level offenses with little to no long term consequences. These forms of rebellion include behaviors like:

A

marijuana use, shoplifting, vandalism

46
Q

Sampson and Laub’s Age-Grade Theory of Informal Social Control is a theory integration that combines elements from what theories?

A

Labeling Theory, Social Bond Theory, and Social Disorganization Theory

47
Q

While Sampson and Laub acknowledge the possibility of underlying pathological differences in childhood, they argue that agents of informal social control like ( ) can overcome negative child effects like difficult temperament

A

effective parenting

48
Q

According to the Age-Grade Theory of Informal Social Control, the three adult of institution of social bonding, or “turning points” that can lead to desistance are

A

marriage, employment, military service

49
Q

Social capital (Age-Graded Informal Social Control Theory)

A

an individual accrues this by investing in meaningful adult institutions, and he or she will grow less likely to offend because the risks becomes too “costly”

50
Q

Homotypic behaviors (contemporary continuity)

A

the same set of behaviors and traits over time

51
Q

Heterotypic behaviors (contemporary continuity)

A

behaviors that may manifest themselves in different forms, but are representative of the same underlying tendency (e.g.,

52
Q

Life-Course Persistent Offenders tend to have these two types of childhood neuropsychological deficits

A

verbal intelligence and executive functions

53
Q

Maturity Gap

A

physical maturity does not equate social maturity

54
Q

The maturity gap in Moffit’s Developmental Taxonomy

A

An adolescent feels like an adult but isn’t treated like one, so they engage in “bad” behavior” to show an adult like autonomy (social mimicry) to be treated more like an adult

55
Q

Cumulative Disadvantage

A

structural inequalities that limit the ability to gain social capital

56
Q

Cumulative Continuity

A

future opportunities are limited by a deviant lifestyle/consequences of crime

57
Q

According to the Age-Grade Theory of Informal Social Control, what role does cumulative disadvantage play in criminal persistence?

A

With less social capital/stakes in society, crime is less costly to an individual and therefore is more likely to offend

58
Q

According to the Age-Grade Theory of Informal Social Control, what role does cumulative continuity play in criminal persistence?

A

Those who commit crime are labeled by society and this label is internalized. A person who sees himself as a criminal due to this labeling are more likely to offend

59
Q

Organizational Imperative

A

maximizing performance while minimizing cost

60
Q

The nature of crime: mainstream vs. radical/critical criminology

A

Mainstream: objective fact given by law and notions of “harm” (a criminal breaks the law
Radical/critical: subjective/relative definitions of crime constructed by the system (a criminal is the victim of the law)

61
Q

Research goals: mainstream vs. radical/critical criminology

A

Mainstream: identify causal mechanisms through empiricism

Radical/Critical: critically explain process of definition-making, law creation

62
Q

Research methods: mainstream vs. radical/critical criminology

A

Mainstream: use robust quantitative (read: statistical) methods
Radical/Critical: use deep qualitative (read: ethnographic) methods

63
Q

Radical/Critical Theories

A

Constitutive Criminology, Left Realism, and

Cultural Criminology

Criminology (3 decks)

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