Integrated Water Management Flashcards
What is the definition of drinking water?
water used for domestic purposes, drinking, cooking and personal hygiene
What is access to drinking water
source is less than 1 kilometer away from its place of use and that it is possible to reliably obtain at least 20 liters per member of a household per day
What is safe drinking water
proportion of people using improved drinking water sources: household connection; public standpipe; borehole; protected dug well; protected spring; rainwater
Water stressed =
renewable water below 1,700 m 3 per person per year
water scarcity =
below 1,000 m3 per person per year
absolute water scarcity =
below 500 m 3/person year
Criticality Ratio
measuring scarcity as the proportion of total annual water withdrawals relative to total available water resources. A country is said to be water scarce if
annual withdrawals are between 20 40% of annual
supply, and severely water scarce if they exceed 40%
What is IWRM
A process that promotes the co ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems (GWP).
What are some important features of IWRM (5)
- a process, not a product
- scale independency (applies at all levels)
- tool for self assessment & program evaluation
- tool for policy, planning & management
- A mechanism for evaluating competing demands, resource allocation, and tradeoffs
What are the 3 pillars for Sustainable development IWRM
Water for people
Water for food
water for nature
What are the 4 basic thematic components of IWRM
Policy/legal framework
Institutional framework
Management instruments
Infrastructure
What is social hydrology
- a new science that is aimed at understanding the dynamics and co-evolution of coupled human-water systems
- Understanding, interpretation and scenario development of the flows and stocks in the human‐modified water cycle at multiple scales including two‐way feedbacks between human and water systems
- Understanding the dynamic cross-scale interactions and feedbacks between the natural and human processes that may give rise to the water sustainability challenges that we face in the Anthropocene
What are some ecosystem services for water management
- Water flow regulation (supply, drought, floods)
- Water purification (water quality)
- Nutrient regulation (transport, dilution, water quality)
- Erosion control (coastal, river bed)
- Energy carrier
- Sedimentation
- Local climate regulation
What are the thematic types of ecosystem services for water
Regulating services
Provisioning services
Cultural services
What are some REGULATORY water quality policy instruments
- Water quality standards
- Input permits
- Pollution discharge permits
- Nutrient management plans
- Non-compliance penalties
What are some ECONOMIC water quality policy instruments
- Pollution tax (inputs)
- Pollution charge (outputs)
- Emission markets
- Subsidies and investments for improved emission practices & ecosystem services
- Pollution Permits
What are some INFORMATION SYSTEMS water quality policy instruments
- Monitoring & research
- Farm advisory services
- Environmental labelling
- Valuation methods
- Awareness campaigns
What are the types of floods
- Riverine (Consistent rainfall or snowmelt exceeding river capacity)
- Pluvial (Short & intensive rainfall) (often urban flooding & overload of stormwater systems)
- Flash floods (intensive & high river discharge rate) (often include mud, debris, and landslides)
- Coastal floods (storm surges, sea level rise, tsunamis…)
What are the ecological functions of floods
- For aquatic habitats (maintains fish spawning areas/fish migration) (sediment transport) (water quality)
- also help with the transportation of sediments and nutrients
What are some drivers of flood impacts
- human development & land use (urbanization, population growth, settlement in flood areas)
- Deforestation
- Agricultural (overgrazing, removing wetlands, drainage ditches)
- climate change
How to reduce flooding susceptibility
- floodplain regulation & development policies (relocation, public purchase of lands, adapting lands for flood risk)
- Housing and building codes
- flood forecasting & warning systems (paired w/ info & education to increase preapredness)
How to mitigate flooding impacts
- Emergency response plans (flood risk maps, info & awareness education)
- post-flood recovery (relief funds, flood insurance)
What are some types of hydropower
- reservoir based (conventional)
- Pumped storage
- Run-of river (high variation in output & small-scale)
- combined sequences of different sizes and types
What is the role of hydropower in development strategies
- Energy Production
- Reducing Maximum flows (Flood control)
- Ensuring Minimum flows (irrigation & drought control)
- Political influence
What is the role of hydropower in ENERGY development strategy?
- Driven by increasing energy demands (pop. increase & energy intense economic growth & lifestyle)
- Large additional potential
- Low carbon emission energy
- Large storage capacity/flexibility (compliment intermittent renewable sources like solar & wind)
- Grid stability (load can vary based on grid requirements)
- Low O&M costs
- high energy payback ratio (high funding req. tho)
What is the role of hydropower in FLOW CONTROL development strategy?
- Flood control
- irrigation
- Drought control & env. flows
- potential to managed incr. variability due to CC
What is the role of hydropower in POLITICAL INFLUENCE development strategy?
- Infrastructure investment as driver of economic growth
- Flow control between countries
- Visibility & public support for political leadership
- National pride (Energy self-sufficiency & Technological development)
What are some env. impacts of hydropower reservoir?
- reservoir inundation (deforestation & forced relocation)
- Reservoir sedimentation (reduced velocity, reduced sedimentation downstream causes erosion)
- GHG emissions from biomass in inundated area (decomp at bottom of reservoirs)
- Evaporation
- Water Quality (low DO, impact ecosystem)
What are some downstream impact of hydropower
- In theory ->more flexibility in flow control (tied to competing economic interests & adverse downstream ecological impacts due to altered flow
- Environmental flows -> Ensuring downstream water functions, but Restrictions on reservoir levels reduces benefits of hydropower’s grid regulating capacity
- Flood protection (Conflicts with sustaining high reservoir level for energy production & Dam emergency release can cause flash floods)
- Aquatic habitats (fish passages)
Reuse of water acceptance 10 factors
1) degree of human contact is minimal;
2) protection of public health is clear;
3) protection of the environment is a clear benefit of the reuse;
4) promotion of water conservation is a clear benefit of the reuse;
5) cost of treatment and distribution technologies and systems is reasonable;
6) perception of wastewater as the source of reclaimed water is minimal;
7) awareness of water supply problems in the community is high;
8) the role of reclaimed water in overall water supply scheme is clear;
9) perception of the quality of reclaimed water is high; and
10) confidence in local management of public utilities and technologies is high.
Form of institutional work related to water resuse
-Changing normative association
-constructing normative networks
-Mimicry (ex: bottled reuse water alongside spring water)
-Educating
-Valorising and demonising (Giving awards to reuse schemes, or the people/organisations associated with them; using celebrities to promote recycled water)
-Mythologizing
-Imagery
(slide 16)
what 4 principals came out of the 1992 Dublin Conference
- Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment
- Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy makers at all levels
- Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water.
- Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good….
(Lecture 1 Slide 12)
What are the UN’s Millennium Sustainable development goals (8)
- Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty
2 Achieve Universal Primary Education - Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
- Reduce Child Mortality
- Improve Maternal Health
- Combat HIV/AIDs Malaria and Other Diseases
- Ensure Environmental Sustainability
- Develop a Global Partnership for Development
What are the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals
- No Poverty
- Zero Hunger
- Good Health and Well being
- Quality Education
- Gender Equality
- clean Water and Sanitation
- Affordable and clean energy
- decent work and economic growth
- Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
- Reduced inequalities
- Sustainable Cities and Communities
- Responsible Consumption and Production
- Climate Action
- Life Below Water
- Life on Land
- Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
- Partnerships for the Goals
What are the parts to SDG 6
6: Clean water and Sanitation
6. 1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
6. 2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
What are some economic instruments for water?
• Pricing for water and water services (Charges for water
resources/Charges for water services)
• Tradeable pollution permits
• Pollution charges (polluter pay principle)
• Subsidies
• Payments for environments services
Types of Droughts
Meteterological (reduced precip)
Agricultural (reduced soil moisture)
Hydrological (reduced water in streams, lakes and reserviors)
SocioEconomic (demand of economic goods exceed supply)
Ecological
Vulnerability factors to drought: Social
Low drought risk awareness
Vulnerability factors to drought: Economic/Technical
Crop patterns & irrigation practices
Low water use efficiency
Low water distribution efficiency
Vulnerability factors to drought: Insitutional
Lack of drought preparedness plans Limited institutional cooperation Limited policy integration Lack of strategic reserves Deficiencies in system of water rights
Vulnerability factors to drought: Environmental
High groundwater exploitation ratio Poor water quality Limited potential for additional water sources Ecosystem water dependence Climate change
Drought Mitigation Policies
Water Supply -Water retention capacity -Groundwater recharge -Water quality standards -Water re-use -Pollution control (permits, regu.) Water Demand -Water efficiency (subsidies, tariffs, loss reduction, research, crops. farm management, awareness) Allocation & Coordination -Water markets & tariffs -Water licences -Public participitation -Risk assessment
Drought Preparedness
Water Supply -Storage Capacity -Monitoring Water Demand -Monitoring -Public awareness & participation Allocation and Coordination -Institutional coordination -Capacity building -Public participitation -Risk assessment -Emergency planning Compensation -Insurances
Drought Prediction
Water Supply -Monitoring -Forecasting -Risk Assessments Water Demand -Monitoring -Forecasting -Risk Assessments -Public participation Allocation and Coordination -Monitoring -Forecasting -Risk Assessments
Drought Reaction
Water Supply -Water imports -alteranative water sources (trucks) -relaxed env. legislativion Water Demand -Water savings (awarenss, information campaigns) Allocation and Coordination -Sector priorities & rationing -Water bans -Impact assessments -Public participation Compensation -Loss of income coverage -Input support -disaster relief
What are some drought instruments
Water use efficiency Water supply Water tariffs Water markets Water loss reduction Public participation Information systems Compensation
Name 3 reasons these professors think ag is emphasised
Economic growth
Rural development
Food security
