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INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards

1
Q

Measures the array of lights or radiant energy absorbed or transmitted

A

Spectrophotometry

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2
Q

Concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed, or the logarithm of transmitted light

A

Beer-Lambert’s Law

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3
Q

most common source of light for work in the visible and near infrared region (for spectro)

A

Tungsten-Iodide lamp

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4
Q

light source most commonly used for UV (for spectro)

A
  • Deterium-discharged and Mercury lamp
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5
Q

Absorbance is measured at two different wavelengths using a light from either single or two monochromators that would analyze samples and reference cuvette

A
  • Double-Beam Spectrophotometery
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6
Q

compo of spectro that controls the amount of light that enters the monochromator

A
  • Entrace slit
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7
Q

compo of spectro; wedge-shaped glass, quartz, of sodium chloride that disperses light to different angles of refraction due to different wavelength

A
  • Prisms
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8
Q

compo of spectro; refract (grooves) and diffract (slits) light into different spectra; in an aluminum surface of a flat piece crown glass; most commonly used as monochromator

A
  • Diffractor gratings
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9
Q

glass; Cuvette for alkaline solution

A
  • Borosilicalte
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10
Q

glass; cuvette for routine

A
  • Quartz or plastics
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11
Q

glass; for application requiring UV radiation

A
  • Quartz
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12
Q
  • for applications requiring visible range
A
  • Glass
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13
Q

glass; cuvette for acidic solution

A
  • Soft glass
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14
Q
  • have selenium coated with silver; serve as a negative electrode and iron base serve as a positive electrode
A
  • Barrier layer cells
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15
Q

most widely used photodetector; has a curved sheet of photosensitive material that serves as the cathode and a positively charged thin tube serves as the anode

A
  • Phototube
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16
Q

includes photoresistor, photodiode, and phototransistor; have replaces conventional phototubes in modern laboratory instruments

A
  • Semiconductor detectors
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17
Q

cuvettes that are preferably used in spectrophotometry because they reduce incident light

A
  • Rectangular-shaped cuvettes
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18
Q

most commonly used cuvette; less error from the lens effect, orientation in the spectrophotometer, and refraction

A
  • Square-shaped cuvettes
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19
Q

It is used as internal standards for lithium measurements in Emission Flame Photometry

A
  • Potassium and Cesium
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20
Q

Used as internal standards for sodium and potassium measurements in Emission Flame Photometry

A
  • Lithium and Cesium
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21
Q

It measures the amount of light scattered by a particular solution; light scattering depends on particle size and light wavelength

A
  • Nephelometry
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22
Q

It measures the amount of light reduced or blocked by particle formation

A
  • Turbidimetry
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23
Q

Can accomplish hundreds or even thousands of tests in an hour; improve the precision of assays; designed to perform repetitive functions without deviation if they are properly maintained

A
  • Automated analyzers
24
Q

all samples are loaded at the same time and a single test is conducted on each sample

A

Batch testing

25
more than one (1) test is analyzed concurrently on a given clinical specimen
Parallel testing
26
the samples flow through a common reaction vessel or pathway
- Continuos flow analyzers
27
multiple tests are analyzed one after another on a given specimen
Sequential testing
28
any test may be performed on any sample in any sequence
Random access testing
29
serves as a source of light energy
* Exciter lamp
30
produces light of specific wavelength from the exciter lamp
* Monochromator
31
holds the sample to be analyzed
* Cuvette or analytical cell
32
detects and collects the light energy transmitted and converts it into a current to produce a readable output
* Photodector
33
- have cathode, anode, and electron-multiplying dynodes; extremely sensitive to very low light levels
* Photomultiplier tube
34
composed of semitransparent silver films on both sides of a dielectric (MgF2); filter and allow transmission of 40%-60% of incident light with a bandpass or bandwidth between 10-20 nm
* Interference filters
35
- Measures the amount of light produced or emitted from excitation of electrons/samples by heat energy
* Emission Flame Photometry
36
Measures the amount of light absorbed by the element/sample in an unexcited state, un-ionized state, neutral atom ground state and dissociated from its chemical bond
* Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
37
most common light source in AAS
* Hollow cathode lamp
38
serves as sample cells
* Flame
39
it occurs when flame cannot dissociate the sample
Chemical interferences
40
- it occurs when samples in flame becomes excited
- Ionization interference
41
- it occurs when light absorption is enhanced by organic substance; it occurs when sample is evaporated in the flame and produces a solid particle
Matrix interferences
42
It measures the amount of light emitted by a substance due to its excitation from a source rendering a higher or equal energy from its original state
* Fluorometry
43
most common light source in Fluorometry
* Xenon lamp
44
It is the movement of electrically charged compounds (ions) in a medium resulting to their separation based on their electrical charges when an electric current is applied
* Electrophoresis
45
- It is a process of separation of chemical mixture into different components based on their physical characteristics and the interactions of molecules with the mobile and stationary phase through a support medium
* Chromatography
46
- measure of potential (volatge) between two electrodes in a solution to measure analyte concentration
* Potentiometry
47
- measurement of the current flowing through an electrochemical cell when potential is applied to electrodes
* Amperometry
48
measurement of the amount of electricity passing berween two electrodes in an electrochemical cell
* Coulometry
49
- induces an electrochemical reaction by applying a voltage and measures the resulting current.
* Voltametry
50
- A new generation of more compact instruments that are more automated and user friendly; available for bedside testing, screening projects, wellness centers, emergency rooms, operating rooms, and physician's office laboratories; use less than 50 uL in volume in less than 10 minutes.
* Point of Care Chemistry Analyzers (POCT)
51
Examples of Random Error?
"MISTDPAD" Mislabelling of spx Improper mixing of sample & rgt Sampling error Temp and voltage mulfunctions Dirty glassware Pipetting error AC interference Drug interference
52
Type of Variability detected 13s
Imprecision / Bias
53
Type of Variability detected 2 2.5s
Bias
54
Type of Variability detected R4s
Imprecision
55
Type of Variability detected 8 1.5s
Bias trend

DL-CC (10 decks)

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