CC - PAHABOL NOTES Flashcards by Patricia Baltazar

it is commonly used for lipoprotein analysis because it’s a preferred anticoagulant that minimizes interference with lipid measurements, and it’s often used for lipoprotein subclass analysis.

EDTA plasma

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Glucose intermediaries, except:
a. Lactate
b. succinate
c. acetyl coa
d. ATP

b. succinate

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If cortisol has diurnal variations, how often should you collect sample for testing (plasma)?
a. 1x
b. 2x
Urine: 24-hours
Saliva: 6x per day

In Cortisol measurements, if Diurnal Rhythm Is Lost (Late-Night Cortisol; 10:00 pm to 12:00 am Values Remain High)

b. 2x

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Carbohydrate that is reactive to glycolysis:
a. sucrose
b. glucose
c. fructose

b. glucose -best

fructose - 2nd best

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Drug that causes addiction, except:
a. alcohol
b. benzodiazepine
d. galactose-second
c. ketamine-anaesthetic, but can be a hallucinogen
d. methamphetamine
e. None –all are drugs that cause addiction.

e. None –all are drugs that cause addiction.

But all three are oral and only ketamines are IV.
All are listed in bishop except ketamines hehe

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Hyperglycemia except:
a. insulin therapy
b. hyperthyroidism

a. insulin therapy

Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone

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Best specimen for glucose monitoring:
a. random
b. fasting
c. cortisol adenoma
c. 24 hr urine

b. fasting

**For general glucose monitoring, a fasting blood glucose test is often preferred as it provides a more accurate baseline reading of blood sugar levels, while a random test can be useful in specific situations, like when someone suspects symptoms of diabetes.

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**What is the major contributor of dioxins in the environment?
a. Food contamination
b. water contamination
c. industrial incineration

c. industrial incineration

**They are released into the environment during natural processes and during high-temperature heat processes related to industrial activity. Specifically, the major sources of dioxins today are the incineration of household waste and the steel and other metallurgical industries.

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**Female born with XX chromosomes develops ambiguous genitalia or genitals that appear male. What is this condition?
A. Klinefelter syndrome
B. Turner syndrome syndrome
C. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
D. Down syndrome

C. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

**IN CAH genitalia that appears different from what is expected for girls, early puberty, deepening voice, short height, acne, excessive facial or body hair, or menstrual irregularities. Both males and females with CAH may have
infertility or adrenal crisis

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**What is the most sensitive indicator of a hyperactive thyroid?
a. T3. B. T4. C. TBG. D. TSH

D. TSH

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**All conditions may be associated with type 3c diabetes mellitus, except
A. Pancreatitis
B. Pancreatic Cancer
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Autoimmune disease

D. Autoimmune disease

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Citrate tube is not filled with blood, what will happen to coag tests?
a. Unaffected.
B. shorten.
C. Normal.
D. prolonged

D. prolonged

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**The following amino acids are composition of creatine EXCEPT:
A. glycine
B. methionine
C. arginine
D. cysteine

D. cysteine

**Creatine synthesis requires three amino acids, methionine, glycine, and arginine, and two enzymes, larginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT)

Carnitine: Lysine and methionine

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**What is the recommended order of draw for evacuated tube system?

Answer: D- Blood culture, coagulation, Non-additive and gel separator or other additives.

“BCSHES”

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**Relating a measurement result to a stated reference through an unbroken chain of calibrations:

TRACEABILITY

**-property of the result of a measurement or the. value of a standard whereby it can be related to. stated references, usually national or international.

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-A systematic difference or systematic error between an observed value and some measure of the truth.

BIAS

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-“the smallest test value that can be distinguished from zero.”

DETECTION LIMIT

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-“All components of a material system, except the analyte.

MATRIX

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**Normal LD pattern in serum:

Ld2>1>3>4>5

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**What is the cause of the loss of mass in aged individuals?
a. Dystrophy. B. atrophy. C. apoptosis

B. atrophy.

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-it is an age-related progressive loss of muscle mass and strength. The main symptom of the condition is muscle weakness.

a type of muscle atrophy primarily caused by the natural aging process. Scientists
believe being physically inactive and eating an unhealthy diet can contribute to the disease.

Sarcopenia

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**How to report liver enzymes in SI unit?
a. IU/L
b. g/Dl -proteins (albumin) electrolytes
c. mmol/L
d. mmol/L

a. IU/L

**Best: U/L

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**HDL is a good lipoprotein that transport fats from the adipose tissues to the____

liver

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HDL level:
o Low:
o Better:
o High:

o Low: less than 40
o Better-41-59
o High: greater than or equal to 60

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LDL-C level: o Optimal: o Near optimal/above optimal: o Borderline high: o High: o Very high:

LDL-C level: o Optimal: less than 100 mg/ dL o Near optimal/above optimal:100 to 129 mg/dL o Borderline high: 130 to 159 mg/dL o High: 160 to 189 mg/dL o Very high: greater than 190 mg/dL

Fasting triglyceride level: o Normal: o Mild hypertriglyceridemia: o Moderate hypertriglyceridemia: o Very high or severe hypertriglyceridemia:

Fasting triglyceride level: o Normal: less than 150 mg/dL o Mild hypertriglyceridemia: 150 to 499 mg/dL o Moderate hypertriglyceridemia: 500 to 886 mg/dL o Very high or severe hypertriglyceridemia: greater than 886 mg/dL

**Which is not a function of the thyroid gland? a. Protein Synthesis b. Development of fetal brain c. Waste excretion d. Regulation of Metabolism, also calcium regulation-calcitonin

c. Waste excretion

*Calcium deficiency leads to:

Apheresis

**Which is not true about unconjugated bilirubin? a. Also known as direct bilirubin c. Waste excretion b. Water insoluble c. Indirect bilirubin

a. Also known as direct bilirubin

**Specimen for drug analysis EXCEPT: a. Blood b. Urine c. Semen d. oral Secretions

c. Semen **These include blood or serum, sweat, hair, oral fluid, nails, and urine. The most commonly used biological sample is urine, as it is non-invasive

**ABG anticoagulant:

heparin

**Which is preferred for Blood Glucose Determination. a. Serum b. Plasma c. EDTA d. WB

b. Plasma (citrate bufferred plasma )

Lipid profile samples uses what best AC

best is EDTA PLASMA

*Glycogenolysis happens in these following organs EXCEPT: a. Liver b. Bone c. Kidney d. Stomach

b. Bone **Glycogenolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue

****which of the following are ways on how steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal glands? a.Through the mevalonate pathway which uses acetyl-coa as building blocks. b. Through accumulation of adrenal parenchymal cells that store LDL needed for steroidogenesis c. BOTH d. NONE

c. BOTH

**How many minutes does a sample needs to stand before centrifugation? a. 60 minutes b. 30 minutes c. 20 minutes d. 45 minutes

b. 30 minutes

**Plasma: Draw a sufficient amount of blood with indicated anticoagulant to yield the necessary plasma volume. Gently mix blood collection tube by inverting ______ immediately after draw. If required, separate plasma from cells by centrifugation within______

6 to 10 times ; 20 to 30 minutes.

Serum: Draw a sufficient amount of blood to yield necessary serum volume. Invert tube ______ to activate clotting. Allow blood to clot at ambient temperature for ______. Separate serum from clot by centrifugation within _____. Caution: avoid hemolysis.

5 to 10 times ; 30 minutes ; 10 minutes

Whole Blood: Draw a sufficient amount of blood with indicated anticoagulant. Gently mix blood collection tube by inverting _____immediately after draw. Do not remove stopper from blood collection tube.

6 to 10 times

**What is the bilirubin level associated with the occurrence of jaundice in mg/dl? a. >1 b. >2 c. >25 d. >20

b. >2—clinical jaundice ** --Overt/hidden jaundice >1 but no skin discoloration yet. c. >25-ictericia d. >20 B1-kernicterus

**What is the most common substance abused? a. Cannabinoids b. Ecstasy c. Shabu d. Alcohol

d. Alcohol

**It is used to cover tubes with sample that are photosensitive such as Bilirubin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B6, Porphyrins, B-carotene and folate

Carbon paper or plain paper

**Goal of POCT, EXCEPT: a. Monitor drug effectiveness b. Reduce adherentceto treatment c. Modify lifestyle d. Screen

d. Screen **There are 4 primary goals of POCT: 1. Disease identification 2. Disease monitoring 3. Behavior modification 4. Reduced barriers to care

**Scientist has a test with consistent results while using the same methods/ sample/environment/etc. This is an example of: a. Sensitivity b. Specificity c. Replicability d. Reproducibility

d. Reproducibility

1. refers to obtaining consistent computational results using the same input data, computational steps, methods, code, and conditions of analysis

1. Reproducibility

2. refers to obtaining consistent results across studies aimed at answering the same scientific question, each of which has obtained its own data.

2. Replicability

3. _____ measures the variation in measurements taken by a single instrument or person under the same conditions, while ____ measures whether an entire study or experiment can be reproduced in its entirety.

repeatability ; reproducibility

**What will you use to neutralize alkaline spill? a. Ethanol b. Methanol c. KOH d. NAOH

d. NAOH –pero baka NaHCO₃ or Na2CO3 ito. **Concentrated solutions of strong acid or strong base can be neutralized with solid sodium bicarbonate poured directly on the spill (bicarbonate can neutralize both strong acids and strong bases)

To neutralize an ALKALINE spill, you can use mild acids like_____ or _____e, or for industrial spills, bubble CO₂ into the water to form carbonic acid. Always wear protective gear and follow safety procedures.

VINEGAR OR LEMON JUICE

**Which of the following is/are the primary metabolites of cocaine? a. Benzoylecgonine b. Ecgonine methyl ester c. a and b d. Nota

c. a and b

To neutralize most ACID spills, you can use?

Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) / sodium carbonate

**What produces CRP? a. Stomach. B. skeletal muscles. C. Liver. D. Kidneys

C. Liver.

**First marker to increase in colorectal cancer? a. CA-19-9. B. CEA. C. Ca-50. D. NMP

B. CEA. **But can’t diagnose colorectal cancer alone

**Which strategy is performed when POCT-QA issues arises. a. Refrain from using POCT Device b. Allow only the doctor to perform POC Testing c. Non-laboratory personnel are not allowed to perform POCT d. Train non-laboratory personnel

d. Train non-laboratory personnel ** 1. All tests to be performed at PoCT should meet with the intended clinical utility. 2. All individuals who perform PoCT should undergo appropriate training and be certified as competent. 3. Written policies should be in place for all aspects of PoCT. This will include organisational structure, personnel considerations, method/instrument selection, testing procedures, safety/waste disposal, quality control, external quality assurance, maintenance, reporting of results and patient education.

**What hormone is secreted when there is an increase level of glucose. a. Glucose b. Catecholamine c. Insulin

c. Insulin ***Remember all hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic hormones

**Considered as a liver function test, EXCEPT: a. AST b. ALT c. Amylase d. Alkaline Phosphate

Amylase

First marker to rise in inflammation : a. CRP B. Leukotriene c. prostaglandin d. ESR

a. CRP

**4 dl to Liter a. 4 b. 0.04 c. 0.4 d. 40

c. 0.4 dl to L=. x 10 L to dl: divided by 10

**Usual parameters in acid-base balance: 1. pH 2. HCO3 3. PCO2 a.1.2.3 b. 1,2 c. 2,3 d. 1,3

a.1.2.3

“Closeness of the agreement between the result of a measurement and a true value of the measurand. Usually expressed in the same units as the result, as the difference between the true value and the value, or as a percentage of the true value that the difference represents

Accuracy

**What formula is this. Na⁺ + K⁺ – (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻) a. Anion Gap b. Osmolal Gap c. CO2 d. O2

a. Anion Gap

formula for Osmolal gap?

Osmolal Gap = Measured Osmolality - Calculated Osmolality

Closeness of agreement between quantity values obtained by replicate measurements of a quantity, under specified conditions. [ISO]

precision

**which of the following is INCORRECT regarding steam sterilization? autoclave a. Dry heat b. 15 psi c. Wet heat d. 121 degC

a. Dry heat

**Cysteine is a product of metabolism of which amino acids? a. Arginine b. Glycine c. Methionine

c. Methionine ** -Your body makes cysteine from methionine, an essential amino acid. -The glutathione molecule is made up of three amino acids: cysteine, glycine, and glutamate.

*Unit used for measuring carbon monoxide: a. ppb. B. ppm

B. ppm **The World Health Organization recommends that the indoor air level for CO be below an average of nine parts per million (ppm) for any eight-hour period, and below 25 ppm for any one-hour period. One ppm means one part of CO per million parts of air.

**What organ produces vasopressin? a. Hypothalamus b. Posterior Pituitary c. Anterior Pituitary d. Adrenal cortex

a. Hypothalamus

** What state is important when giving drugs to the patient? a. Hepatic state b. kidney function c. half-life d. timing of phlebotomy

a. Hepatic state

**Chylomicrons are secreted into the _______ and delivered via the thoracic duct to the circulation. a. Blood b. Pericardial c. Pericardium d. Lymph

d. Lymph

**Which of the following is the best marker for risk in diabetic nephropathy? a. Glucose b. Creatinine c. Microalbuminuria d. BUN

c. Microalbuminuria **Urine microalbumin measurement is important in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus, who are at serious risk of developing nephropathy over their lifetimes. Type 1 has a 30%–45% risk, Type 2 has a 30% risk

VLDL cholesterol is synthesized in the liver to transport_____ lipids such as triglycerides and cholesterol esters to the peripheral (mainly adipose, skeletal, and cardiac) tissues.

endogenous

a marker release from skeletal muscle is sufficient to overload the proximal tubules and cause acute renal failure.

Myoglobin:

a marker; Elevated levels in serum indicate increased cellular turnover as seen in myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders, inflammation, and renal failure.

B-2-microglobulin

**An electrolyte panel is requested in the following, except: a. Renal b. hepatic c. malignant d. cardiac

b. hepatic *An electrolyte panel is a blood test to measure electrolytes (minerals) in blood. An electrolyte imbalance may be a sign of a heart, lung or kidney problem. Dehydration also causes electrolyte imbalances. *Patients with malignancies commonly experience abnormalities in serum electrolytes, including hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypercalcemia.

** pH: 7.32; pCO2: 48 mmHg; HCO3: 24 mmol/L a. Metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. respiratory alkalosis

c. Respiratory acidosis

**Chronic kidney disease is associated with a. Metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

a. Metabolic acidosis

** pH: 7.44; pCO2: 49 mmHg; HCO3: 28 mmol/L a. Partially compensated Metabolic acidosis b. partially compensated metabolic alkalosis c. Fully compensated metabolic acidosis d. respiratory alkalosis

c. Fully compensated metabolic acidosis

*Accelerator for jendrassik Grof: a. Alcohol b. Methanol c. Caffeine d. Ethanol

c. Caffeine -Evelyn Malloy: methanol

**If you weigh an object 6 times and get 2.5 grams each time. It is _____. a. Precise b. Accurate c. Specific d. Sensitive

a. Precise

**One or two values exceeding the qc parameters not included in counting: a. Trend b. Shift c. Outlier d. Drift

c. Outlier **Drift: the incremental alteration in the precision of a measurement device over time.

**Which lipoprotein migrates farthest from the anode during electrophoresis? a. Chylomicron b. VLDL c. LDL d. HDL

a. Chylomicron

**What is the purpose of caffeine in the Jendrassik – Grof Method? a. Solubilized unconjugated bilirubin b. Solubilized conjugated bilirubin c. Precipitate unconjugated bilirubin d. Precipitate conjugated bilirubin

a. Solubilized unconjugated bilirubin (ACCELERATOR) *Total bilirubin levels (conjugated and unconjugated forms) are measured in serum with the addition of an accelerator such as caffeine or alcohol which acts to solubilize the nonpolar, unconjugated form of bilirubin.

*Duration of the disease: a. Mild and Severe b. Benign and Malignant c. Acute and Chronic d. Contagious and noncontagious

c. Acute and Chronic

The scope of a disease also affects its severity and duration: 1. A ______ is one that affects only one part of the body, such as athlete’s foot or an eye infection. 2. A ______ has spread to other parts; with cancer, this is usually called metastatic disease. 3. A ______ is a disease that affects the entire body, such as influenza or high blood pressure.

1. localized disease 2. disseminated disease 3. systemic disease

1. A _____ can refer to either the recurrence of symptoms or an onset of more severe symptoms. 2. A _____ is a disease that resists treatment, especially an individual case that resists treatment more than is normal for the specific disease in question. 3. A _______ is a disease whose typical natural course is the worsening of the disease until death, serious debility, or organ failure occurs. 4. ________ are also chronic diseases; many are also degenerative diseases. The opposite of progressive disease is stable disease or static disease: a medical condition that exists, but does not get better or worse.

1. flare-up 2. refractory disease 3. progressive disease 4. Slowly progressive diseases

**Somatomedin is also known as ___ and it is produced by ___

Serum IGF-1 ; liver

a hormone that, along with growth hormone (GH), helps promote normal bone and tissue growth and development.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) **The test measures the amount of IGF-1 in the blood. IGF-1 is primarily produced in the liver, skeletal muscles, and many other tissues in response to GH stimulation

*Somatomedin C is also known as

SULFATION factor

a cyclic peptide well known for its strong regulatory effects throughout the body. Also known by the name of growth hormone inhibiting hormone

Somatostatin C

**Laboratory equipment hazard EXCEPT: a. mechanical b. chemical vapors c. sharp d. electric

b. chemical vapors

**Gastric enzyme proteolysis: a. Gastrin b. Amylase c. Lipase d. Trypsin

d. Trypsin

**SI unit for ACTH-

ng/L

**SOP is a part of _____. a. QA b. QC c. QP d. AOTA

a. QA

The three main proteolytic enzymes produced naturally in your digestive system are:

Pepsin-stomach Trypsin-pancreas Chymotrypsin-pancreas

it involves the design of processes, such as documenting standard operating procedures (SOPs) according to relevant industry standards.

it is reactive and exists to identify defects in the quality of products after they have happened.

**It is not an administrative control?

a. Fume hood –engineering control **administrative controls: 1. Work practice controls 2. Hazards training 3. Medical surveillance and vaccination 4. Adjust work schedules to avoid fatigue and burnout 5. Display warning signs for potential hazards (e.g., bloodborne pathogens, lasers) 6. Identify and label dedicated area for biohazardous waste and contaminated linen storage 7. Make written health and safety policy and procedure manuals available and accessible. 8. Provide a written inventory of hazardous chemicals and SDS.

**Functional plasma enzyme: a. LD b. CK c. ALP d. Clotting factors

d. Clotting factors **Functional enzymes present at all times in the circulation and perform a physiologic function in the blood , examples of these functional enzymes include lipoprotein lipase , pseudocholinestrase and enzymes of blood coagulation .

**Causes excess cortisol: a. Cushing syndrome b. Addison’s disease c. Cohn’s syndrome d. Acromegaly

a. Cushing syndrome

**Negative APRs:

"PATA" prealbumin albumin transferrin antithrombin **Procalcitonin is a POSITIVE APR

**diagnostic specificity A. True Negative/False Negative B. True negative/True negative+False Positive C. True positive/False Positive D. True Positive/False Negative"

B. True negative/True negative+False Positive *Diagnostic sensitivity = TP/ (TP + FN) *Diagnostic specificity = TN/ (TN+FP) *PPV = TP/ (TP +FP) *NPV = TN/ (TN + FN)

**What data shows precision? (Target value: 50) A. 48,49,48 B. 48,50,52-low bias (more accurate) C. 45,50,55 D. 40,52,60

A. 48,49,48

**Unit for Creatinine in urine A. mmol/L B. mg/L C. g/L

Best answer: mg/dL, mmol/day If 24-hr urine: mg/day

**Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: what Chromosome?

46XX

**During venipuncture:

*DO NOT PUMP your fist since it can cause changes in certain analytes. *(Rodriguez: Fist clenching can cause increase in potassium, phosphate, lactate). *Release the tourniquet and have the patient release the fist as soon as blood flows freely into the tube.

**Enzyme to test to determine the cause of ALP increase:

GGT *GGT and 5’nucelotidase can be used to identify the cause of increased ALP. *Elevated ALP can be associated with hepatobiliary obstruction or increase in osteoblastic activity. *To help determine if elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels are due to liver or bone issues, doctors often measure gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), as both ALP and GGT are elevated in liver and bile duct diseases, but only ALP in bone diseases.

**IV Fluids in both arms

Stop the infusion for 2 mins, draw bellow the IV site, discard the first 5mL

Most specific cardiac marker ? (trop I, CK-MB, AST)

trop I

**Hyperglycemia except a. Hyperthyroidism b. Excessive insulin c. Cortisol hypersecretion"

b. Excessive insulin Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone. Hyperglycemic hormones include glucagon, somatostatin, cortisol, epinephrine, ACTH, GH, thyroxine, human placental lactogen.

Hyperglycemic hormones include:

glucagon somatostatin cortisol, epinephrine ACTH GH thyroxine human placental lactogen.

Which of the following is a random error A. 1:2s B. 1:3s C. R:4s D. 4:X Random errors: 12S, 13s, R4s Systematic errors:22s, 41s, 81s, 10x

D. 4:X Random errors: 12S, 13s, R4s Systematic errors:22s, 41s, 81s, 10x

**Along with ALP, which enzyme is tested to confirm hepatobiliary disease?

GGT and 5’nucleotidase

Normal range for ALT?

7 – 45 U/L

**Critical value for glucose to confirm DM (SI unit)

*FPG =126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher OR *HbA1c = 6.5% or higher OR *RPG = 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher with symptoms of hyperglycemia, are considered critical values.

Which value is abnormal for LDL-C and then the choices were in SI unit.

* LDL cholesterol concentration 160 mg/dL ( 4.1 mmol/L), with 1 risk factor * LDL cholesterol concentration 130 mg/dL (3.4 mmol/L), with 2 risk factors * LDL cholesterol concentration 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L), with CHD or risk equivalent

**CK seen in skeletal muscle:

: CKMM (CK-3)

most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is characterized by exophthalmos (bulging eyes) and pretibial myxedema Autoantibody test: (+) TRAb, TPOAb, TgAb

*Grave’s disease (Diffuse toxic goiter)

formula for DILUTION

*C1V1 = C2V2

**All causes peripheral edema except: A. protein deficiency B. drug reaction C. excess salt D. hormone problems

B. drug reaction (??)

**drug reaction____ cause peripheral edema

(verapamil and NSAIDs)

**All are true about dysbetalipoproteinemia, except a. elevated chol b. elevated TAG c. mutation of ApoE gene d. mutation of Apo M gene

d. mutation of Apo M gene

It is characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, leading to an increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease.

Dysbetalipoproteinemia

*caused by mutations in the APOE gene (apolipoprotein E), leading to the production of the ____1, which impairs lipoprotein clearance

APOE2 isoform

**Panic value in FBS:

< 40 mg/dL (2.24 mmol/L) OR > 400 mg/dL (22.4 mmol/L)

lab results typically show low levels of (TSH) and high levels (T4 and T3), along with the presence of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) antibodies.

Graves' disease

**AST normal values-

5-35 U/L

*In MM and Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia, what is the most helpful test ?

ALBUMIN/GLOBULIN RATIO SERUM ELECTROPHORESIS BIOPSY is actually the best.

**Malnutrition EXCEPT: a) underweight b) stunting c) arthralgia d) overweight

c) arthralgia

Term refers to which is defined as low height-for-age, is a form of malnutrition, specifically chronic undernutrition

Stunting

**medullary thyroid cancer marker:

Calcitonin

marker that can be released into the CSF when neurons are damaged, making it a potential biomarker for certain neurological conditions such as: TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies), such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).

NSE (Neuron specific enolase)

**Can be altered in obese patients except: a. Triglycerides b. Prolactin c. Cholesterol d. HDL e. ALL

b. Prolactin all are actually possible, with less correlation for prolactin

**All of the following are use in Friedewald equation except: a. Total cholesterol b. HDL c. Chylomicrons d. VLDL

c. Chylomicrons

*Panic value in LDL-C "panic" or critical value is generally considered to be

190 mg/dL (4.94 mmol/L) or higher

**Routine lipoprotein testing- **Specimen for ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis of lipoproteins-

**Serum in SST **EDTA

**Where is Troponin produced?

Cardiac and skeletal muscles

**Fredricksson classification with xanthoma:

Type IIa

What causes hypernatremia: a) diabetes insipidus b) dehydration

b) dehydration Actually BOTH, but best is DEHYDRATION if no both

What to do in vasovagal syncope?

If you feel a vasovagal syncope episode coming on, lie down immediately with your legs elevated to help restore blood flow to the brain, and if you faint, stay lying down until you feel better.

**Xanthomas: what apolipoprotein?

B-VLDL

*The gold standard diagnostic test for diabetes insipidus (DI) is the _______, which assesses the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine after fluid restriction.

indirect water deprivation test (WDT)

it refers to a group of conditions where the gonads (ovaries or testes) fail to develop properly during fetal development, resulting in abnormal sexual development and potential infertility

Gonadal dysgenesis

in Gonadal dysgenesis, the gonads fail to develop, and individuals often have what female phenotype?

(46, XY Swyer syndrome) **Individuals with 46, XY CGD have normal female genitalia, but underdeveloped gonads (fibrous tissue called "streak gonads"), and if left untreated, will not experience puberty.

**In the event of a hydrochloric acid spill in a lab, you can neutralize the acid by increasing its pH with ____

sodium hydroxide (NaOH), adding water to dilute it, or using baking soda. OR sodium bicarbonate

These are liver-produced by-products of the breakdown of stored fat (fatty acids)

Ketone bodies

Which of the following is indirect measure of alcohol? a. LD b. GGT c. AST d. Alcohol metabolites

d. Alcohol metabolites

**Which of the ff is NOT a physical hazard? A. Ergonomic B. Noise C. Chemical fumes D. Ionizing radiation

C. Chemical fumes

it is used to analyze and characterize cell populations by measuring the physical and chemical characteristics of cells as they pass through a laser beam

Flow cytometry's (major use)

**Which is NOT a step ng PCR cycle? a. denaturation b. annealing c. extension d. analysis

analysis

**How DNA Polymerase and Reverse Transcriptase synthesize DNA:

Both in the 5' to 3' direction

**Which of the ff is NOT a post-analytical error? A. Unavailability of previous results for comparison B. Transcription error C. Delayed report D. Illegible report

D. Illegible report

SOLVE **1:20 dilution for 5mL:

5/20= 0.25

**hormones that enhance calcium; EXCEPT;

CALCITONIN (hypocalcemic agent)

**All are implicated with impaired glucose tolerance EXCEPT: a. Elderly b. Obese c. Patient with Sepsis d. Hypotension

d. Hypotension

**Prolactin is increased in the following, except: A. Pregnancy B. Stress c. sexual intercourse d. breast stimulation

…no correct answer….choose B

**In 1886, Jaffe observed that a ____ color formed when creatinine reacted with _____ in an ______ medium and observed the needle-formed crystals under the microscope.

red ; picric acid ; alkaline

**The accumulation of nitrogen in the blood, known as azotemia, is in the form of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous waste products.

Best answer is BUN/UREA

**Source of gluconeogenesis except: A. Pyruvate B. Lactate C. Glycerol D. Tryptophan

A. Pyruvate

**Marker for Heart Failure

BNP

BSC? * Purpose: Provides PERSONNEL and ENVIRONMENTAL protection, but NOT product protection

Class I

BSC? * Airflow: Inward airflow at the front opening, with HEPA-filtered exhaust air.

Class I

BSC? * Use: Suitable for low to moderate-risk biological agents.

Class I

BSC? Purpose: Provides protection for PERSONNEL, ENVIRONEMNT & PRODUCT

Class II

BSC? * Subtypes: ** Type A2: Recirculates approximately 70% of filtered air, suitable for low to moderate-risk biological work. **Type B2: Exhausts 100% of filtered air, providing added protection for toxic chemicals and higher-risk applications. **Type C1: A new type of Class II cabinet that addresses gaps in safety between Type A and Type B, offering versatility and safety.

Class II

BSC? Use: Widely used in clinical, pharmaceutical, life science, and industrial laboratories.

Class II

BSC? Purpose: Offers the highest level of protection for personnel, product, and the environment, suitable for working with extremely hazardous biological agents (BSL-4)

Class III

BSC? Design: Often referred to as a "glove box" with HEPA-filtered exhaust and a sealed, negative pressure environment.

Class III

BSC? Use: Used for handling extremely infectious agents.

Class III

**Round off to one less decimal place: 15.57

15.6

**most critical in timing the therapeutic drug dosage:

half -life of the drug