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PSALM: CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > INSTRUMENTATION > Flashcards

INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards

FROM MOTHER NOTES, FINAL COACHING, and GFC

1
Q

when a beam of light passes through a solution, some of the light may be ABSORBED by the molecules of the substance in a solution, while the REST IS TRANSMITTED

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

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2
Q

measures the quantity of LIGHT REFLECTED by a liquid sample that has been dispensed onto a grainy or fibrous solid support

A

REFLECTOMETRY

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3
Q

compounds ABSORB ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, become excited, and RETURN TO AN ENERGY LEVEL LOWER THAN OR EQUAL TO THEIR ORIGINAL LEVEL

A

LUMINESCENCE

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4
Q

the light emission from a SINGLET excited state is called __________

A

FLUORESCENCE

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5
Q

light emission from an excited TRIPLET STATE is called _____________

A

PHOSPHORESCENCE

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6
Q

afterglow; takes time to release light; RELEASES LIGHT AFTER LIGHT IS TURNED OFF

A

PHOSPHORESCENCE

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7
Q

emission of light is created from a CHEMICAL or ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION and not from absorption of electromagnetic energy

A

CHEMILUMINESCENCE

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8
Q

LIGHT SCATTERING

A

NEPHELOMETRY

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9
Q

LIGHT BLOCKING

A

TURBIDIMETRY

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10
Q

LIGHT REFRACTION

A

REFRACTOMETRY

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11
Q

BASED ON COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES; measurement of the osmolality of an aqueous solution such as serum, plasma, or urine

A

OSMOMETRY

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12
Q

measures multiple properties of cells SUSPENDED IN A MOVING FLUID MEDIUM

A

FLOW CYTOMETRY

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13
Q

outer fluid stream creates a laminar flow forcing the specimen to the center, and results in a SINGLE-FILE ALIGNMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL CELLS

A

HYDRODYNAMIC FOCUSING

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14
Q

what light scatter is PROPORTIONAL TO CELL SIZE?

(X) = CELL SIZE

A

FORWARD LIGHT SCATTER

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15
Q

related to CELL GRANULARITY and NUCLEAR IRREGULARITY

A

90° or RIGHT ANGLE SCATTER

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16
Q

color of fluorescence when FLUORESCEIN is used as a marker

A

GREEN

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17
Q

color of fluorescence when PHYCOERYTHRIN is used as a contrasting marker

A

RED

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18
Q

involves measurement of the current or voltage generated by the activity of specific ions

A

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

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19
Q

the measurement of potential (voltage) between two electrodes in a solution forms the basis for a variety of procedures for measuring analyte concentration

A

POTENTIOMETRY

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20
Q

method that generates NO NET CURRENT

A

POTENTIOMETRY

murag kami, no net current kay walay potential chz

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21
Q

used in pCO2 and pH ELECTRODES

A

SEVERINGHAUS

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22
Q

measures the quantity of electricity (in COULOMBS) needed to convert an analyte to a different oxidation state

A

COULOMETRY

grabe na gyud if mamali pa ani 😀

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23
Q

measurement of the CURRENT FLOW by an OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION

A

AMPEROMETRY

“REDOX-AMPEROMETRY”

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24
Q

amperometry is paired with what method?

A

POLAROGRAPHY

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25
Q

used in PO2 ELECTRODES

A

CLARK ELECTRODE

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26
Q

a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell and the RESULTING CURRENT IS MEASURED

A

VOLTAMMETRY

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27
Q

an electrochemical technique used to MEASURE HEAVY METALS SUCH AS LEAD

A

ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY

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28
Q

a measure of the ability of a solution to CARRY AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT

A

CONDUCTANCE

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29
Q

based on the CHANGE IN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE across an aperture when a particle in conductive liquid passes through this aperture

clue: RESISTANCE

A

IMPEDANCE

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29
Q

the separation of charged compounds BASED ON THEIR ELECTRICAL CHARGE

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

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30
Q

absorbance of the stain on a support medium; used in ELECTROPHORESIS TO MEASURE THE BANDS

A

DENSITOMETRY

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31
Q

performed similiarly to other electrophoresis methods, except that the separating molecules MIGRATE THROUGH A pH GRADIENT

A

ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING

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32
Q

a separation method based on different interactions of the specimen compounds with the MOBILE PHASE and with the STATIONARY PHASE as the compounds travel through a support medium

A

CHROMATOGRAPHY

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33
Q

CHROMATOGRAPHY:

a simple and inexpensive method that SEPARATES COLORED SOLUTIONS INTO TWO BANDS

A

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

34
Q

CHROMATOGRAPHY:

a common method in forensics that uses GAS AS THE MOBILE PHASE; a mixture is heated and vaporized in a column oven before being added to a sample injector

A

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

35
Q

CHROMATOGRAPHY:

a technique that SEPARATES MOLECULES BASED IN THEIR POLARITY or HYDROPHOBICITY; the mixture is separated based on how it partitions between the stationary and mobile phases

A

COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

36
Q

based on FRAGMENTATION and IONIZATION of molecules using a suitable source of energy

A

MASS SPECTROMETRY

“FRAGMENTS according to MASS”

37
Q

are flashes of light that occur when gamma rays or charged particles interact with matter

A

SCINTILLATION

38
Q

generally used to DETECT GAMMA RADIATION

A

CRYSTAL SCINTILLATION

39
Q

primarily used to COUNT RADIONUCLIDES THAT EMIT BETA PARTICLES

A

LIQUID SCINTILLATION

40
Q

when a high voltage is applied acorss the capillary ends, the sample molecules are SEPARATED BY ELECTRO-OSMOTIC FLOW

A

CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

41
Q

a technique for determining the structure of organic compounds

A

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

42
Q

NONDESTRUCTIVE and requires a LARGER SAMPLE VOLUME THAN MS

A

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

43
Q

measurement of RADIANT ENERGY absorbed by a solution

A

MOLAR SPECTROMETRY

“MOLARADIANT”

44
Q

measures concentration through the detection of ABSORBANCE of electromagnetic radiation by ATOMS instead of MOLECULES

A

AAS

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

45
Q

an analytic technique that uses measurements made at 5-90 degrees incident to the beam

A

NEPHELOMETRY

46
Q

principles of NEPHELOMETRY

A
  1. PARTICLE SIZE
  2. WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT
47
Q

technique that measures at 180 degrees to the incident beam

A

TURBIDIMETRY

48
Q

chemical reaction that produces light and usually involves OXIDATION of LUMINOL, ACRIDINIUM ESTERS, and DIOXETANES

A

CHEMILUMINESCENCE

49
Q

is the photometric measurement of light emitted by a substance that has PREVIOUSLY EXCITED BY A SOURCE OF UV LIGHT

A

FLUOROMETRY

50
Q

the measurement of electrical signals associated with chemical systems that are incorporated into an electrochemical cell

A

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

51
Q

the measurement of voltage potentials is based on the measurement of a POTENTIAL (VOLTAGE) DIFFERENCE between two electrodes immersed in a solution

A

POTENTIOMETRY

52
Q

ELECTRODE:

is sensitive to and REPSPONDS TO CHANGES in concentration of a particular ion species in the solution in which the electrode is immersed

A

INDICATOR ELECTRODE

53
Q

ELECTRODE:

has a potential that DOES NOT CHANGE; not influenced by the activity of the ion being measured

A

REFERENCE ELECTRODE

54
Q

is the measurement of the amount of ELECTRICITY PASSING BETWEEN TWO ELECTRODES in an electrochemical cell

A

COULOMETRY

“muagi siya between “columns (coulombs)”

55
Q

is the measurement of the current FLOWING THROUGH AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL when a potential is applied to the electrodes

A

AMPEROMETRY

56
Q

is the measurement of particle concentration that is RELATED TO THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE of the solution

57
Q

a special form of chemiluminescence where an ENZYME-CATALYZED CHEMICAL REACTION PRODUCES LIGHT EMISSION

A

BIOLUMINESCENCE

58
Q

involves the use of NATURAL SUBSTRATES such as LUCIFERIN

A

BIOLUMINESCENCE

natural…so BIO

59
Q

emission of light caused by a reaction generated ELECTROCHEMICALLY ON THE SURFACE OF THE ELECTRODE; uses RUTHENIUM

A

ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE

60
Q

1000x MORE SENSITIVE THAN SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

A

FLUOROMETRY

61
Q

2 types of DOUBLE-BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

A
  1. DOUBLE BEAM IN SPACE
  2. DOUBLE BEAM IN TIME
62
Q

DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

has 1 BEAM SPLITTER and 2 photodetectors

A

DOUBLE BEAM IN SPACE

63
Q

DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

uses CHOPPER and 1 PHOTODETECTOR

A

DOUBLE BEAM IN TIME

64
Q

method AFFECTED BY QUENCHING

A

FLUOROMETRY

65
Q

measurement of light emission caused by a CHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, or ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION, NOT BY PHOTO ILLUMINATION

A

LUMINOMETRY

66
Q

designed to COMPENSATE FOR VARIATIONS IN INTENSITY OF THE LIGHT SOURCE by splitting the light beam from the lamp and directing one portion to a reference cuvet and the other to the sample cuvet

A

DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

67
Q

DETECTION OF SCINTILLATIONS (flashes of light) using a PM tube and COUNTING of the electrical impulses

A

SCINTILLATION COUNTING

68
Q

measurement of light emitted by atoms FOLLOWING EXCITATION BY HEAT ENERGY; traditionally used to determine the concentration of Na, Li, K

A

FLAME PHOTOMETRY

69
Q

what method EMPLOYS AN INTERNAL STANDARD?

A

FLAME PHOTOMETRY

70
Q

internal standard for Na, K

71
Q

internal standard for LITHIUM

72
Q

H+ sensitive glass electrode containing Ag/AgCl wire in electrolyte of known pH and reference electrode

A

pH ELECTRODE

73
Q

pH electrode covered with MEMBRANE PERMEABLE TO CO2, with bicarbonate buffer between membrane and electrode

A

pCO2 ELECTRODE (SEVERINGHAUS)

74
Q

electrode used to measure Na, K, Cl, IONIZED Ca

A

ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE

75
Q

used in SERUM and SWEAT CHLORIDE ANALYSIS

A

COTLOVE CHLORIDOMETER

76
Q

uses a PLATINUM CATHODE and Ag/AgCl anode covered with glass-permeable membrane which allows dissolved O2 to pass through

A

pO2 ELECTRODE (CLARK)

77
Q

measurement of current produced at GRADUALLY INCREASING VOLTAGE applied between two electrodes in contact with a solution containing an analyte

A

POLAROGRAPHY

78
Q

light source for AAS

A

HOLLOW CATHODE LAMP

79
Q

reference method for DIVALENT CATIONS (Ca, Mg)

A

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)

80
Q

induces an electrochemical rxn by applying a VOLTAGE and MEASURES THE RESULTING CURRENT

A

VOLTAMMETRY

81
Q

electrodes used in VOLTAMMETRY

A
  1. AUXILIARY ELECTRODE
  2. REFERENCE ELECTRODE
  3. WORKING ELECTRODE
82
Q

current flow in VOLTAMMETRY

PSALM: CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (4 decks)

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