Instrumental Conditioning

Question 1

Instrumental conditioning

Answer 1

Learning the contingency between behaviours and their consequences

Question 2

Thorndike

Answer 2

Put a cat in a puzzle box with a dish of food outside and a lever to open the door

Question 3

Stamping in (satisfying effect)

Answer 3

Behaviours with positive consequences get stamped in

Question 4

Stamped out (unsatisfying effect)

Answer 4

Behaviours with negative consequences get stamped out

Question 5

Reward training

Answer 5

Presentation of a positive reinforcer

Question 6

Punishment training

Answer 6

Presentation of a negative reinforcer

Question 7

Omission training

Answer 7

Removal of a positive reinforcer

Question 8

Escape training

Answer 8

Removal of a negative reinforcer

Question 9

Autoshaping

Answer 9

Learning without direct guidance, rewards behaviour that may occur spontaneously

Question 10

Successive approximation

Answer 10

Complex behaviour can be broken down into smaller steps which gradually build up to the full response

Question 11

SD

Answer 11

Signals when a contingency is valid

Question 12

S delta

Answer 12

Signals when the contingent relationship is not valid

Question 13

Fixed ratio

Answer 13

Pause and run pattern, ex getting a reward every three times you clean your room

Question 14

Fixed interval

Answer 14

A fixed amount of time, scallop pattern

Question 15

Variable ratio

Answer 15

Straight line, reinforcement is given some random number of responses

Question 16

Variable interval

Answer 16

Reinforcement delivered after random amount of time

Question 17

Primary reinforcer

Answer 17

Satisfies biological need

Question 18

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 18

Established through classical conditioning, ex money

Question 19

Observational learning

Answer 19

Just after birth we are able to learn from observing others behaviours

Question 20

Aversive stimulus

Answer 20

Something unpleasant, negative reinforcer

Question 21

Delay in gratification

Answer 21

Ability to delay rewards

Question 22

Chaining

Answer 22

Response is reinforced with the opportunity to perform the next response (similar to higher order conditioning)

Question 23

Contrast effects

Answer 23

Changes in value of reward led to shifts in response rate

Question 24

Negative contrast

Answer 24

Switch from a high reward to a low reward now respond at a slower rate

Question 25

Positive contrast

Answer 25

Responding at a faster rate

Question 26

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 26

Reinforcer follows every correct response made by individual

Question 27

Partial reinforcement

Answer 27

Reinforce follows only some of the responses

Question 28

Mirror neurons

Answer 28

Neurons that responds the same way when performing an action and watching someone perform an action