Instrument Stage 2

Question 1

Required Reporting under IFR

Answer 1

Radar Environment:
M- Missed Approach
A- Airspeed +/-10kts/ 5% change of files TAS
R- Reaching a holding fix (report time and altitude)
V-VFR on top when an altitude change will be made.
E-ETA change +/-2min, or +/-3 min in North Atlantic
L-Leaving a holding point/fix
O-outer marker (or fix used in lieu of it)
U- Unforecasted weather
S- Safety of flight

V- Vacating an altitude/ FL
F- Final approach fix
R- Radio/Nav/ approach equipment failure
C-Compulsory reporting points
500- unable climb/descend 500fpm

Non Radar Environment:
•ETA change of +/- 3 minutes
•Outer Marker inbound
•Final approach fix inbound
•Compulsory reporting points

Question 2

When is a destination alternate always required?

Answer 2

An instrument approach is published and available for the destination, AND

For at least 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA
•Ceiling will be at least 2000’ above airport elevation
• Visibility will be at least 3 SM

Question 3

Minimum Wx conditions required at an airport to list as an alternate?

Answer 3

The alternate airport minima published in the procedure charts, or, if none:

Precision: 600’ ceilings 2SM visibility
Non-precision: 800’ ceilings and 2SM visibility

No instrument approach: Ceiling and visibility must allow descent from MEA, approach and landing under VFR.

Non-standard: reference the TPP

Using non-WAAS GPS: Can flight plan GPS approaches at either destination or alternate, but NOT both.

Question 4

Precision Approaches

Answer 4

Provides lateral and vertical guidance
Minimums: Decision Altitude (MSL), Decision Height (AGL)

Question 5

Non-Precision Approaches

Answer 5

Provides lateral guidance only

Minimums: Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA-MSL), Minimum Descent Height (MDH, AGL)

Question 6

Navigation/Approach Equipment

Answer 6

ILS/Localizer: Uses ground based equipment

RNAV (GPS): Uses satellite GPS (WAAS/RAIM)

Non-Directional Beacon

Question 7

Standard Circling Minimums

Answer 7

Prior to 2012 used set radius distances based on approach category, regardless of MDA.

Question 8

Expanded Circling Minimums (Marked by a C with white background)

Answer 8

After 2012, now factors in MDA because of increased true airspeed at different altitudes.

Question 9

When to go missed on a precision approach?

Answer 9

During a precision approach, follow glide slope to DA/DH. Then go missed if runway is not visual.

Question 10

When to go missed on non-precision approach?

Answer 10

Specified point, usually labeled as point with DME. (Ex. Runway threshold)

Question 11

When to go missed on an approach plate with Precision and non-precision approach?

Answer 11

The approach will DEFAULT to showing the precision approach, however it provides the information necessary for both type of approaches. It’s up to the PIC to interpret/visualize how it’s different.

Question 12

What do Approach categories for aircraft’s do?

Answer 12

Tell you what minimums to be used for your aircraft:
•Is stated by AFM/POH, is calculated by identifying 1.3VSO

Question 13

Approach category speeds

Answer 13

A- 0-90
B- 91-120
C- 121-140
D- 141-165
E- > 165

Question 14

Types of Procedure Turns

Answer 14

•Course Reversal
•Descent from IAF
• Inbound course interception

Question 15

When is a Procedure turn mandatory?

Answer 15

When depicted on the approach plate.

Question 16

When is a procedure turn not mandatory?

Answer 16

• NoPT is specified
•Radar Vectors
•Conducting a timed approach- When you do not have alternate means of navigating to your MAP other than using speed and time.

S- Straight In
H- Hold in lieu
A- DME ARC
R- Radar Vectors
P- No PT
T- Timed Approach
T- Teardrop

Question 17

Minimum Safe Altitude

Answer 17

•Emergency altitude used in case of lost situational awareness
•Provides obstacle/terrain avoidance

Question 18

Terminal Arrival Area

Answer 18

•Provides altitude and distance information for a given area.
•FOR RNAV APPROACHES ONLY.

Question 19

What can NOTAMS do to an approach?

Answer 19

They can alter the approach procedure, and equipment used during navigation.

Question 20

In order to descend below the DA/DH?

Answer 20

• Aircraft must be in a continuous position to land at a normal descent rate using normal maneuvers.
•Flight visibility not less than the prescribed approach.
•May descend to 100’ above TDZE if approach lights in sight.

Question 21

In order to land after descending below DH/DA with ALS in sight?

Answer 21

Must have a visual of ONE of the following:
•Runway,
•Runway Markings
•Runway Lights
•Threshold
•Threshold Markings
•Threshold Lights
•Touchdown zone
•Touchdown zone markings
•Touchdown lights
•Visual Glide Slope indicator
•Runway end identifier lights
•Red Terminating Bars

Question 22

Touchdown Zone Elevation (TDZE)

Answer 22

Highest elevation in first 3000’ of runway

Question 23

Pilot controlled lighting

Answer 23

Negative symbology :A5
Black dot above A5 means sequenced flashing lights

Question 24

Approach lights

Answer 24

Required to increase visibility depending on inop equipment type

Question 25

Runway visual range

Answer 25

Visibility expressed in feet

Question 26

Visual Descent Point

Answer 26

A defined point from which a descent using normal descent rate and normal maneuvers can be made from the MDA to touchdown point provided visual reference is established.

Question 27

Holding Types

Answer 27

On a radial: 1 minute legs
GPS hold: 4nm legs

Question 28

Holding Entries

Answer 28

Direct
Parallel
Teardrop

Question 29

Holding Speeds

Answer 29

6000’ and below- 200kts
6001’ to 14000’- 230kts
14000’ and up- 265kts

Question 30

Takeoff minimums

Answer 30

Part 91: No Takeoff minimums

Part 121,125,129,135:
Standard is the prescribed takeoff minimums for that runway.
2 or fewer engines- 1 mile
3 or more engines- 1/2 mile

Non-standard: Reference the TPP