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Instrument > Instrument Stage 1 > Flashcards

Instrument Stage 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Required Pilot Documents

A

Valid Government issued Photo Id
Pilot Certificate
Medical (61.23)

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2
Q

Arrow PDC

A

Airworthiness Certificate- Does not expire, valid when all maintenance requirements are met
Registration- valid for 36 calendar months
Radio Station license- required only for international flight, or flight outside contiguous United States
Operating limitations-
FAA-approved, pilots operating handbook, airplane flying manual
Weight and Balance-
Is a master weight and balance, completed by a mechanic, often included in the POH binder
Placards-
Markings and stickers as required in POH
Data Plate- A metal plate mounted on the left empennage. Has the date of manufacture, model #, serial#, registration #
Compass deviation card- indicates how to account for the error resulting from magnetic influence of nearby equipment.

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3
Q

Instrument Pilot Privileges

A

Can enter class A airspace (must be on IFR flight plan)
Act as PIC under IFR conditions
Fly in IMC

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4
Q

Basic Icing Information

A

Develops with visible moisture (clouds/freezing rain) when the air is 0 degrees Celsius or less.
We CANNOT fly into known icing. (91.527)

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5
Q

Icing Types

A

Structural:
Clear-
•Forms when larger water droplets spread and freeze over a surface. Most dangerous because it’s hard to see and heavy!
Rime-
•Forms when smaller droplets freeze immediately when contacting aircraft surface. Appears milky white.
Mixed-
•Mixture of clear and Rime.
Induction:
Carb ice/ induction air intake icing (fuel injected plane)
Instrument:
Pitot-static system
Structural:
Wings (outside of aircraft)
Propeller
Antenna

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6
Q

Required Equipment (Piper Archer)
(ATOMATOFLAMES, FLAPS, GRABCARD)

A

Required equipment is FAR 91.205, and a headset for the operator POH 2-6. Limitations of G1000, are listed in the POH 2-13.

A- Airspeed indicator
T- Tachometer for each engine
O- Oil Pressure Gauge
M- Manifold Pressure Gauge
A- Altimeter
T- Temperature gauge for each liquid cooled engine
O- Oil temperature gauge for each air cooled engine
F- Fuel Gauge indicator
L- Landing gear position indicator
A- Anti Collision lights
M- Magnetic direction indicator
E- Emergency locator Transmitter (ELT)
S- Safety belts

FLAPS- VFR Night
F- Fuses
L- Landing light
A- Anti-collision light
P- Position lights
S- Source of electricity

Instrument required equipment: (GRABCARD)
•VFR day and night
•Generator/ Alternator
•Radio
•Altimeter
•Ball
•Clock
•Attitude Indicator
•Rate of turn indicator
•Directional Gyro (HSI)

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7
Q

Flight Instruments

A

Gyroscopic system
Pitot Static System
Global Positioning System
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
VOR
Different Measuring Equipment (DME)
Instrument Landing System
Approach Lighting System

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8
Q

Gyroscopic System

A

Only on Garmin G1000
Standby attitude indicator (Vacuum Powered)

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9
Q

Pitot-Static System

A

Components:
Pitot Tube-
•Collects data to calculate airspeed
•Ram air is forced into pitot by airplane velocity
•Compares ram air to static air from static port to output dynamic air
•Dynamic air is read by instrument
Static Port-
•Measures ambient air pressure

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10
Q

Pitot Static System Blockages

A

Blocked Pitot-
•0 Airspeed, Altimeter works, VSI works

Blocked pitot and drain hole and open static.-
•Airspeed (High in climb, Low in descent), Altimeter works, VSI works

Blocked Static and open pitot-
• Airspeed (low in climb, high in descent), Altimeter will be frozen, VSI will be frozen, because the pressure in the cabin is higher than it is outside

Using Alternate Cockpit static air-
• Airspeed reads high, altimeter reads high, VSI momentarily shows a climb

Broken VSI glass- (because it’s not required)
• Airspeed reads high, Altimeter reads high, VSI reverses.

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11
Q

Global Positioning System

A

Uses satellites to triangulate position and altitude in Space-
• 24 satellites in constellation
•3 satellites required to provide lateral information (2D)
•4 satellites required to provide altitude information (3D)

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)-
• 5 + baroaided VNAV or 6 satellites required to ensure reliable information is being received
• With bad satellite information, RAIM will annunciate integrity has been compromised and take that satellite offline

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)-
• Signals from satellites are monitored by ground based stations
• Ground based stations correct signals for the following errors: Clock errors, Position errors
• Ground station send correction data to master station
• Master station computes the correction data and prepares a correction message.
•New message is sent to a geostationary satellite (GEO)
GEO broadcasts to WAAS receiver on aircraft.

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12
Q

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR)

A

•Short range radio navigation equipment used to determine relative position and bearing from

VOR Receiver Checks-
• Required every 30 days

VOR Test Facility (VOT)-
• Frequency 108.0 MHz
• 0 degrees FROM/ 180 degrees TO

Ground Tolerances-
• +- 4 degrees

Air tolerances-
• +- 6 degrees

Dual VOR Check-
• +- 4 degrees

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13
Q

Direct Measuring Equipment

A

•Uses slant range (line of sight) to determine distance

Most immaculate when directly over VOR/DME-
• Negligible for every 1 mile away and 1000’ high

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14
Q

Compass Errors (VDMONA)

A

Variation- Isogonic lines on sectional depict difference between true north and magnetic north

Deviation- Electronic equipment interfere with compass to provide inaccurate readings

Magnetic Dip- As a compass approaches magnetic poles, compass wants to dip towards the ground

Oscillation- Mixture of all errors

Northerly Turning Errors (UNOS)-
•Undershoot North
•Overshoot South
A result of magnetic dip: Compass is a magnet, it’s attracted to and wants to stay with the other magnet (pole).
Start rollout at 1/2 latitude + 15 degrees.

Acceleration Errors (ANDS)-
•Acceleration North
•Decelerate South

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15
Q

Instrument Landing System

A

Precision Instrument Approach-
• Meaning it provides lateral AND vertical guidance
Components:
Localizer-
•Provides lateral guidance
•width 5 degrees
• Full deflection to one side is only 2.5 degrees

Glide slope-
• Provides vertical guidance
•Angle between 2.5 and 3.5 degrees

Marker Beacons- Avionics signal different colors/ audible Morse codes when passing over.

Outer-
•Flashing blue,
•Dashes - - - - -,
•Usually 4-7 nm from runway threshold

Middle-
•Flashing amber
•Dash for dash dot -.-.
• 3500 feet from runway threshold

Inner-
•Flashing white light
• Dots …..
• Short and high pitched

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16
Q

Communications Equipment Cross-Check

A

•Position and stability of antennas
• Request radio check if necessary
• Transponder status

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17
Q

Navigation Equipment Cross-Check

A

• VOR antennas
• GPS database up to date (every 28 days).

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18
Q

Compass Cross-Check

A

•Fluid
•Indicates known headings
• Swings freely

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19
Q

Heading indicator Cross-Check

A

•Cross-check with magnetic compass

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20
Q

Attitude indicator Cross-Check

A

•Allow up to 5 mins for gyro
• +- 5 degrees of known pitch/bank

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21
Q

Altimeter Cross-Check

A

•Set current altimeter setting
• +- 75 feet of field elevation
• Add any error to DA/MDA

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22
Q

Turn-and-slip Indicator/ Turn Coordinator Cross-Check

A

• Ball moves to the outside of turn

23
Q

Vertical Speed Indicator Cross-Check

A

• Take note of starting point
• Should be 0, if not just calculate difference in distance

24
Q

Airspeed indicator Cross-Check

A

Check during takeoff roll

25
Q

Outside Air Temperature (OAT) Cross-Check

A

Check before departing

26
Q

Clock Cross-Check

A

Check before departing

27
Q

Pitot-Heat Cross-check

A

Check to make sure it functions during pre-flight check.

28
Q

Required Inspections

A

Annual- 12 calendar months
VOR Check- 30 days
100 hour- if for hire
Altimeter/ Pitot-static check- 24 calendar months
Transponder- 24 calendar months
ELT- 12 calendar months

29
Q

Recency/Currency (66 HITS)

A

In last 6 months, 6 approaches to include:
•Holds
•Intercepting
•Tracking
•Navigational System
Can be completed in FFS/ATD/FTD

After 6 months:
6 more months to get current with safety pilot, safety pilot must be at least a private pilot and appropriately rated in category/class

After 12 months:
Instrument proficiency check (IPC)-
•Can be done by designated examiner, CFII, or appropriated person.
•Details found in back of ACS

30
Q

Logging Instrument Time

A

Actual:
•Instrument rated
• Accompanied by appropriately rated CFII

Simulated:
Safety Pilot-
•Appropriately rated in category/class
•Able to act as PIC
•Name must be logged in remarks
•Given Instruction by CFII

Recency-
•Approach must be conducted under actual IMC conditions until passed the FAF
•Or under simulated conditions down to minimums

31
Q

METAR

A

•Current/Observed weather updates every 50 minutes past the hour

Dew point- point at which air becomes fully saturated. Within 2 Celsius, expect fog.

32
Q

TAF

A

•Forecast valid for 24 hours, updated every 6
•Only acceptable to use within 5 sm of airport
• If no TAF, use graphical forecast area

33
Q

Graphical Forecast Area

A

•Available on aviationweather.gov
•Use when airport does not have a TAF
• Can see cloud coverage, ceilings, winds, storms, etc.

34
Q

Airport beacon

A

When lit indicates IFR weather during daytime or nighttime.

35
Q

Winds aloft

A

•Forecasts wind speed and direction at various altitudes
•Absence of winds- Elevation within 1500’ AGL
•Absence of Temp- Elevation with 2500’ AGL
•Temps assumed negative above 24000’ MSL

36
Q

High Pressure System

A

•Rotates clockwise, outwards, and downwards
•Poor visibility
•Brings higher pressure density

37
Q

Low Pressure System

A

•Counterclockwise, Inwards, and Upwards (think tornadoes)
•Good visibility
•Includes precipitation because of higher humidity
•Lower Pressure Density

38
Q

Warm Front

A

•Slow moving, so change in weather is gradual
•Stratiform Clouds
•Poor visibility because air is stable and calm
•Steady Precipation

39
Q

Cold Front

A

•Cumulus Clouds
•Possible Thunderstorms
•Showery Precipitation

40
Q

Stationary Front

A

• When warm and cold air masses meet and stop moving
•Lingers for a long time

41
Q

Occluded Front

A

•When one front catches up to another front moving in the same direction.
•Usually cold front catches up to warm

42
Q

Isobars

A

• When close together expect higher winds
•Pressure measured in millibars
•Line of equal pressure

43
Q

AIRMETS

A

•Valid for up to 6 hours
• Contains moderate weather conditions

Tango Airmets-
• Turbulence, Wind >30 knots, Low-level wind shear

Sierra Airmets-
•IFR conditions
•Mountain Obscurations

Zulu- Freezing or Icing

44
Q

SIGMET

A

• Valid for up to 4 hours
• Will affect safety of all aircraft
•Severe or greater turbulence
•Severe or greater Icing
•Dust storms, Sandstorms, Volcanic Ash

45
Q

Convective SIGMET

A

SIGMET related to convective activity (THUNDERSTORMS)
• Valid for 2 hours
• Hail >3/4 inch in diameter
• Surface winds >50 knots
•Tornadoes

46
Q

Thunderstorms

A

3 ingredients to make a thunderstorm:
• Moisture
•Lifting action
•Unstable air (Normal temp decreases 2 degrees per 1000’, unstable air is 1 or 3 degrees per 1000’

47
Q

Stages of a Thunderstorm

A

Cumulus-
•Large Updrafts
•Clouds are building in form and height

Mature (Most dangerous)-
•Both up/downdrafts
•Extreme Precipitation
• Lightning

Dissipating-
• Mostly downdrafts
• Microburst is localized up to 6000’/min, and 1 mile wide
• Storm weakens in intensity

48
Q

Pre-Flight Weather Sources

A

•Aviationweather.gov
•1800wxbrief.com
• Third party sources- Foreflight, Weather Channel
•Look outside

49
Q

In-Flight Weather Sources

A

•ATIS/AWOS/ASOS
•Onboard equipment: ADSB-In, XM Radio
• FSS
•ATC (workload permitting)
•Phone with cell service in emergency situations

50
Q

Rigidity in space

A

Rigidty in space refers to the principle that a gyroscope remains in a fixed position in the airplane in which it is spinning.

Ex. A bicycle wheel

51
Q

Precession

A

Is the tilting or turning of a gyro in response to a reflective force.
• The reaction to this force does not occur at the point at which it was applied.
•Rather it occurs at a point that is 90 degrees later in the direction of rotation.

52
Q

Accelerometer

A

Attitude Indicator

53
Q

Magnetometer

A

Heading Indicator

54
Q

Inclinometer

A

Turn coordinator

Instrument (4 decks)

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