Instrument Approach/Take-off Procedures Flashcards
When may an aircraft fly in a no-circling area?
Only by day VMC. (Jepp Term: AU-15)
Do instrument approach and take-off charts depict tracks or headings?
Tracks. Correction for wind must be made. (Jepp Term: AU-15)
Are times specified on approach charts fixed times?
Yes. The only adjustment that can be made is for wind corrections. (Jepp Term: AU-15)
How much obstacle clearance do the 25nm and 10nm MSA’s provide for?
1000ft (Jepp Term: AU-15)
Can an aircraft manoeuvre within the 10nm and 25nm sector MSA’s?
Yes as long as it is maintained above the MSA. (Jepp Term: AU-15)
When may an aircraft descend below the route LSALT or MSA?
- When on a visual approach
- When established on a DGA
- When being radar vectored
- When established at the IAF or overhead the aid. (Jepp Term: AU-15)
What are the aircraft performance speeds?
Cat A: up to 90kts Cat B: 91 - 120kts Cat C: 121 - 140kts Cat D: 141 - 165kts Cat E: 166 - 210kts (Jepp Term: AU-15)
Can an aircraft reduce its category due to reduced operating weight?
No. It must however increase its category to the next higher one due to actual handling speeds. (Jepp Term: AU-16)
What are the handling speeds for a CAT B aircraft?
Initial and intermediate: 120 - 180kts
Max speed for reversal: 140kts
Final approach: 85 - 130kts
Max speed for circling: 135kts
Max for missed approach: 150kts (Jepp Term: AU-16)
What are the handling speeds for a CAT C aircraft?
Initial and intermediate: 160 - 240kts
Final approach: 115 - 160kts
Max speed for Circling: 180kts
Max for Missed approach: 240kts (Jepp Term: AU-16)
If there is no FAF on a reversal procedure, when must the final approach speed be achieved by?
Before descending on the inbound track. (Jepp Term: AU-16)
What does OCA stand for and mean?
OCA is the obstacle clearance altitude and is equal to MDA or DA on a precision, non-precision or circling approach. (Jepp Term: AU-16)
If the glide path on an ILS approach fails, may the approach be continued?
The approach may be continued using the LLZ procedure for that rwy. (Jepp Term: AU-17)
If the markers or NDB on an ILS approach fail may the approach be continued?
Yes, as long as other check heights as specified on the chart or NOTAMS are withheld. (Jepp Term: AU-17)
If the GBAS on a GLS approach fails may the approach be continued?
No. (Jepp Term: AU-17)
If during the ILS or GLS approach an unexplained discrepancy is noticed at the altimeter check height, may the approach be corrected and continued?
No, a missed approach must be conducted. (Jepp Term: AU-17)
What is an ILS critical area?
An ILS critical area is an area around the ILS installation on the ground which during certain weather conditions is protected by ATC from aircraft and other ground vehicles. (Jepp Term: AU-17)
What weather conditions need to be met for ATC to actively protect the ILS critical area?
A cloud base of less than 600ft and a visibility of less than 2000m. (Jepp Term: AU-17)
Why are ILS critical area established and protected?
Interference from aircraft and other ground vehicles may disturb or reflect the ILS signals causing track variations for an aircraft in flight during the approach. (Jepp Term: AU-17)
May an aid on the same airport but not specifically identified for use on the approach chart be used for an instrument approach?
No. (Jepp Term: AU-18)
At what angle are non-precision approaches usually designed?
The minimum angle of descent is 3 degrees (5.2%). Higher angles may be used where required. (3.77 degrees (6.5%) for CAT A and B; 3.5 degrees (6.1%) for CAT C and D) (Jepp Term: AU-19)
During an GPS/RNAV approach, may an aircraft track directly to the intermediate fix?
Yes, as long as the resulting change in track is not greater than 45 degrees. (Jepp Term: AU-19)
When can you descend to the next limiting altitude on an approach that has altitude limitations?
Once you have passed the point where the next altitude restrictions starts and the aircraft is established on track. (Jepp Term: AU-21)
When does the final segment commence on approaches that have no specific FAF?
The final approach segments commences at the completion of the reversal procedure. (Jepp Term: AU-21)
When is an aircraft established on an approach?
For ILS, VOR, GNSS within 1/2 scale deflection.
For NDB within +/- 5 degrees
For DME within +/- 2nm (Jepp Term: AU-22)
Describe a 45/180 procedure turn!
A 45/180 procedure turn is a procedure where the aircraft is turned away 45 degrees from a specified track after a specified timing or distance, flown for 1 min (CAT A and B), 1 min 15 sec (CAT C and D) from the start of the turn and then turned the other way by 180 degrees to re-intercept the reciprocal track inbound to the aid. (Jepp Term: AU-22)
Describe a 80/260 procedure turn!
A 80/260 procedure turn is a procedure where the aircraft is turned away 80 degrees from a specified track after a specified timing or distance and then turned the other way by 260 degrees as soon as it has reached the new heading to re-intercept the reciprocal track inbound to the aid. (Jepp Term: AU-22)
Can you swap a 45/180 with a 80/260 procedure turn?
Yes, unless either is specifically excluded from an approach. It is best to fly the depicted procedure turn. (Jepp Term: AU-22)
Is information on approach charts given as tracks or headings?
Tracks. Adjustments in heading and timing must be made due wind. (Jepp Term: AU-22)
What AoB must be used during instrument approaches?
25 degrees AoB or a rate one turn whichever is less. (Jepp Term: AU-22)
Can you swap a 80/260 with a 45/180 procedure turn?
Yes, unless it is specifically excluded on the chart. It is always better to fly the depicted procedure turn. (Jepp Term: AU-22)
If a procedure turn is required without first having a specific time or distance that is t be flown when must you turn the aircraft?
Immediately after passing the aid or fix. (Jepp Term: AU-22)
What is a base turn reversal procedure?
A specified track with a specified distance or timing (varied according to aircraft category) followed by a turn onto the inbound track. Most NDB and VOR approaches have base turns. (Jepp Term: AU-22)
What tolerance is given with regards to the entry into a procedure turn?
30 degrees either side of the track is given to facilitate direct entry into a procedure turn. Outside of this a sector entry into a holding pattern must be flown. (Jepp Term: AU-22)
When must a missed approach be executed?
- If outside the navigation tolerances on the final approach leg
- If the radio aid becomes suspect or fails below the MSA
- If not visual before reaching the MAP or DA/DH
- if a landing cannot be made from a rwy approach unless a circling approach can be flown
- visual reference is lost while circling to land. (Jepp Term: AU-22)
What does ‘visual reference’ mean?
Visual reference means the rwy threshold or approach lights or other markings identifiable with the landing rwy clearly visible to the pilot and clear of cloud, in sight of ground or water and vis as stated on the chart. (Jepp Term: AU-23)
How much obstacle clearance is provided on a missed approach?
100ft. (Jepp Term: AU-23)
What climb gradient must be achieved in order to obtain the 100ft obstacle clearance on a missed approach?
2.5% (152ft/nm) If this is not achievable then the DA, MDA or RH must be raised accordingly to ensure clearance. (Jepp Term: AU-23)
What must a pilot do if he/she commences a missed approach before the MAP?
Start climbing but keep flying to the MAP and then continue following the missed approach procedure on the chart. (Jepp Term: AU-23)
What does the missed approach procedure look like during a circling approach?
If conducting a circling approach and a missed approach is commenced the pilot should fly a climbing turn to overhead the field and establish the aircraft at the MAP and the follow the missed approach procedure on the chart. (Jepp Term: AU-23)
If a missed approach is commenced due to the failure of an aid how is the missed approach flown?
By using DR and corrections for known winds to make good the nominated tracks on the chart. (Jepp Term: AU-23)
You’re flying a GPS/RNAV approach and you get a RAIM warning, what must you do?
Commence the missed approach. (Jepp Term: AU-23)
Can you use the GPS to fly a missed approach if a RAIM warning exists?
No. Other means of guidance or DR must be used. (Jepp Term: AU-24)
What do spot heights on an instrument approach chart indicate?
Spot heights indicate the height of specific obstacles on the chart. These must not necessarily be the highest obstacle in the circling area nor does the chart have to cover the whole circling area. (Jepp Term: AU-24)
When can you descend below MDA on a circling approach?
- When within the circling area
- Maintaining visibility along the intended flight path
- maintain visual contact with the landing rwy environment
- By day/night once a constant descent can be conducted on downind, base or finals while maintaining obstacle clearance according to the aircraft category from not below MDA
- By day once a constant descent can be conducted on downind, base or finals while maintaining obstacle clearance according to the aircraft category. (Jepp Term: AU-24)
What is the obstacle clearance for the following during a circling approach?
CAT A and B:
CAT C and D:
CAT E:
CAT A and B: 300ft
CAT C and D: 400ft
CAT E: 500ft
How large is the circling area for the following:
CAT A, B, C, D, E
CAT A: 1.68 NM CAT B: 2.66 NM CAT C: 4.2 NM CAT D: 5.28 NM CAT E: 6.94 NM
When can you descend below the MDA/DA on a straight in approach (non-circling)?
- Visual reference can be maintained
- All meteorological elements as published on the charts are met
- Normal manoeuvres can be maintained throughout the approach to land on the rwy. (Jepp Term: AU-25)
If the final approach track is 10 degrees offset from the rwy heading does this still count as a straight in approach or will you have to fly a circling approach?
If the final approach track is up to 30 degrees (only CAT A and B; 15 degrees for CAT C and D) offset from the rwy heading then it is still counted as a straight in approach. (Jepp Term: AU-25)
On a straight in approach, when can you manoeuvre to align the aircraft with the rwy centreline?
- Once within the circling area
- If visual reference is maintained
- Continuously in sight of ground or water (Jepp Term: AU-25)
If a visual segment is published after reaching the MDA of an approach, what conditions must be met before you may continue to the circling area?
- Clear of cloud and in sight of ground or water
- Vis and cloud base as stated on the chart (Jepp Term: AU-25)
When can you conduct a visual approach by day?
- within 30nm
- at or above the LSALT/MSA/MDA
- clear of cloud
- in sight of ground or water
- visibility greater than 5000m
- at or above 500/1000ft obstacle clearance (Jepp Term: AU-25)
When can you conduct a visual approach by night?
- at or above LSALT/MSA/MDA and
- clear of cloud and
in sight of ground or water and - visibility greater than 5000m and
- within the circling area or
- within 5nm (7nm ILS equipped rwy) of rwy centreline and on slope or PAPI/VASIS or
- within 10nm (14nm SY rwy 16L/34L) established on the ILS (Jepp Term: AU-25)
What is the standard take-off minima for non-qualifying multi-engine aeroplanes under the IFR?
- a cloud ceiling of 300ft
- a visibility of 2000m (Jepp Term: AU-27)
What is the standard take-off minima for a qualifying multi-engine aeroplane under the IFR, at a non-controlled aerodrome at night?
- a cloud ceiling of 0ft
- visibility of 800m (Jepp Term: AU-25)
What are the requirements for the standard take-off minimum visibility to the be reduced to 550m?
- rwy must have illuminated rwy edge lighting at spacing not greater than 60 m
- centreline marking or lighting
- if no ATC, carriage of radio is mandatory
- day only (Jepp Term: AU-27)
What considerations must a pilot take into account before departing an aerodrome other than the take-off weather minima?
- The return for landing if required can be done in VMC or instrument approach conditions.
- If the failure of an engine occurs terrain clearance is assured and
- If an engine failure occurs that there is sufficient performance and fuel to fly to an alternate aerodrome (Jepp Term: AU-27)
To what minima can an aircraft approach an aerodrome which has a published non-precision approach?
The minima as published on the relevant approach chart. (Jepp Term: AU-28)
To what minima can an aircraft approach an aerodrome which does not have a published instrument approach?
- IFR Day: Visual approach requirements
- IFR Night: VMC from LSALT within 3nm (Jepp Term: AU-28)
To what minima can a aircraft approach an aerodrome which has a published precision approach?
The minima as published on the relevant approach chart. (Jepp Term: AU-28)
To what must the visibility on a precision approach be increased to if the HIALS are out?
1.5km (Jepp Term: AU-28)
What conditions need to be met in order to approach a rwy on a precision approach with visibilities less than 1.2km?
- Aircraft is manually flown with a flight director or
- Autopilot is fitted and coupled
- Aircraft is fitted with serviceable failure warnign system of the AHRS
- High Intensity Rwy Edge Lighting (HIRL) (Jepp Term: AU-28)
Below what temperature must a correction to the approach minima be made to guarantee sufficient obstacle clearance?
ISA - 15 degrees (Jepp Term: AU-29)
When do low visibility operations take place at an aerodrome?
- When approach minima is less than precision approach CAT 1 or
- Take-off vis less than 550m (Jepp Term: AU-29)
Who’s responsibility is it to assess the weather minimas before take-off or commencing and approach to land?
It is the PIC’s responsibility to do so. (Jepp Term: AU-29)
Who or what is an approved source of actual QNH?
- ATIS
- AWIS
- ATC
- CASA-approved met observer (Jepp Term: AU-29)
How long is an actual QNH valid for from an approved source?
15 min. (Jepp Term: AU-29)
By when does the pilot have to have a QNH (Area/forecast/actual) set?
Prior to the IAF. (Jepp Term: AU-29)
Does a METAR QNH cover you for actual QNH?
No. (Jepp Term: AU-29)
If a pilot chooses to use a forecast area QNH for an approach to land by how much must the forecast terminal QNH minima be raised?
50ft (Jepp Term: AU-30)
When can special alternate minima be used?
When the aircraft is fitted with the following:
- Dual ILS/VOR approach capability i.e.
- Dual LOC
- Dual G/P
- Dual Markers (Or one marker and one DME)
- Dual VOR receivers (Or dual ADF if NDB is used) (Jepp Term: AU-30)
What is the lowest acceleration altitude available after take-off?
- 400 ft or
- a height necessary to achieve obstacle clearance of 35 ft (50 ft when turning; less than 35/50 ft when wet) during take-off
What climb gradient is required by a qualifying multi-engine aeroplane during take-off during the first segment?
Positive
What are the take-off segments?
0 Segment: Lift-off till 35ft
First Segment: 35 ft - Gear up
Second Segment: Gear up - Acceleration Altitude
Third Segment: Acceleration Altitude - Venr
Fourth Segment: Venr - 1000 ft above obstacles
What climb gradient is required during the acceleration segment?
1.2% capable
What climb gradient is required during the final segment?
1.2%
What climb gradient is required during the second segment for a commuter type aeroplane?
2.0%
When on a published precision approach, what correction must be done to the DA before commencing the approach?
Pressure Error Correction needs to be applied to the DA. PEC can be found in the aircraft operating manual. If this is not available in the manual, a standard 50 ft needs to be added to the DA.
Does PEC need to be applied to non-precision approaches?
No, PEC is only applied to precision approaches.
You are flying a precision approach (ILS). HIALS have been reported unserviceable. What visibility do you require?
1.5 km visibility
You are flying a LLZ approach and the HIALS have been reported unserviceable, what visibility do you require?
Published visibility plus 0.9 km.
What are the requirements for a pilot to use 0.8 km visibility during a precision approach?
- The aircraft is manually flown for the entire approach using a flight director or is flown with an auto pilot coupled to the LLZ/GP and
- The aircraft has a serviceable AHRS failure warning system and
- HIRL is available
You are flying an ILS approach but the ATIS says that the HIRL is unserviceable. What is the new required visibility if the HIALS are still on?
1.2 km visibility is required for this approach.
Is pressure error correction applied to a LLZ approach?
No, only to the ILS approach.
May an aircraft fly at speeds corresponding to the lower category ?
Yes as long as the following is adhered to:
- CASA approval
- CAR 217 Training and checking organization
- Aircraft must be able to be operated within the limits of the speed categories
- All company operations must adhere to the new category
