Institutions Flashcards
Institutional theory
Widely accepted theoretical posture that emphasizes rational myth isomorphism and legitimacy.
Considers processes by which structures become established as authoritative guidelines for Social behaviour
Institutions composed of…
Normative, cognitive and regulative elements
1st industrial revolution
Machine labour replacing human labour
2nd industrial revolution
Division of labour grows
Mass production/bureaucracy
Institution
Formal and stable organization and structure that helps define govern and constrain a field of action
Technical division of labour
Harry braverman
Those that conceptualize and hence power regards the process and those that simply execute
Hire cheap unskilled labour
Introduce machinery
Taylorism
Principles of practice of scientific management
Network society
People are involved in several distinct networks of communication with specific language use
Reflexive modernization
Constant renewal and reorganization of structures
Individualization thesis
Without stable structures individual faces greater anxiety and ones biography must be self managed.
Temporal and spatial reorganization of work
Less distinction between home and work - problem of leisure
Fluid intelligence
Ability to learn how to learn
Crystallized intelligence
Cultural knowledge or problem-solving skills
Visual spatial intelligence
Ability to visualize the world accurately
Emotional intelligence
Ability to recognize ones own and others emotions for action
Purpose of education
Socialization
Selection
Legitimation (science)
Organization of education
Each system reflects the organization of wider society with social hierarchies of disciplines personnel and students
Experience of education
How the purpose and organization shapes the experience of students, teachers, and staff
Structural functional perspective on education
Meritocracy: everyone is the same chance of succeeding based in their hard work and skill
Expansion of education system will lead to greater equality of opportunity
Teaching to equip students for the economy
Conflict perspective on education
Reinforces social stratification - benefits those on top
Hidden curriculum?
Selective school organization
Greater choice in types of schools
Streaming students in classes based on ability
Unitary school organization
Comprehensive public systems -the common school - broader bases education
No banding of students based on ability
the hidden curriculum
What we learn through the experience of attending school rather than the stated educational objectives
Eg. Sexist language, the disciplined mind and body (punctuality) , social interactions
Family
Groups of people who are related by descent marriage or adoption
Structural functional approach of family
Controls sexual behaviour and reproduction practices
Sharing resources to meet economic needs
Caring for children
Socialization
Feminist perspective of the family
Gender roles. Women = dependent
Marxist perspective of the family
Capitalist division of sexual labour
Reproductive vs productive labour
Exchange theory of family
Think rewards of marriage will put weigh costs
Think marriage is more rewarding than alternatives (single)
State involvement in the family
Legal/official definition of family
Family law
Rights of custody
Recognizing cohabitation
Anthropomorphism
Talking about animals in human terms
Health
State of complete physical mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease
Bio medical model of health
Assumes that illness can be classified and treated in an objective way
No diagnosis/medication = no illness
Social model of health
Reject scientific objectivity
Definition of health vary throughout cultures
Structural functionalist theory of health
Good health and effective medical care = essential for smooth functioning of society
Play the Sick role in order to be perceived as ill
Conflict theory on health
Social inequality characterizes quality of health care and health
Symbolic interactionism on health
Health and illness = social constructions
No objective reality of diseases
Structural functionalist approach on ageing
To enable younger people to assume important roles, society must encourage older people to disengage from these roles and take on more appropriate ones
Conflict Theory and ageing
Age based prejudice and discrimination
Ideological social change
Industrialization
Expansion of democracy and human rights
Technological social change
Printing press
Telephone
Car
PC
Collective behaviour/action
Voluntary often spontaneous activity engaged in by a large number of people often violate dominant group norms
Le bon’s 3 characteristics of a crowd
Anonymity
Contagion (feelings and emotions are reciprocated)
Suggestibility (more susceptible to persuasion)
Le bon’s 2 types of crowds
Natural: arise spontaneously (revolutionary threat)
Artificial: level of organization exists (social movement)
Contagion theory
Crowds exert hypnotic influence on their members. That combined with anonymity results in irrational emotionally charged behaviour
Convergence theory
People with similar beliefs/emotions come together
Emergent norm theory
Crowds establish their own norms of behaviour based on a few key noters who guide behaviour
Social movements
Organized group that at consciously to promote or resist change through collective action
Free rider problem
Individuals can avoid participating in collective action because they can still benefit anyway
Life cycle of social movement
Emergence (widespread discontent. No organization)
Coalescence (form group, leaders emerge)
Bureaucratization (more organization, training)
Decline: repression, success/failure , go mainstream
Social Movement strength depends on
Worthiness
Unity
Numbers
Commitment
Alternative social movement
Limited social change
Particular sub group
Focus on single concern (drunk driving)
Redemptive social movements
Radical social change
Particular sub group
Single issue - aim for greater change
Reformative social movements
Limited social change
Entire society
Promote broad changes in public behaviour (eg cycling lane)
Revolutionary social movement
Radical social change
Entire society
Reorganization of society (leap manifesto)
Ecology
A science that deals with the relationship between groups of living things and their environment
Ecological footprint
Measurement
lol imposed by a given population in nature
Environmental discrimination
Disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on minority groups, both intentional and unintentional
