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Animal Phys > Insects > Flashcards

Insects Flashcards

1
Q

holometabolous

A

completely different looking stages

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2
Q

Insects can be fossilized in..

A

pyrite
limestone
Amber

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3
Q

mandibular

A

double jointed mouth parts

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4
Q

remipedes

A

outgrouo to hexapods

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5
Q

What feature to extant remipedes show

A

metameric segmentation

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6
Q

ectognathous

A

external mouth parts

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7
Q

entognathans

A

lack wings
3 pairs of legs
highly segmented

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8
Q

apterygotes

A

1st insect orders

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9
Q

insect identification

A

3 pairs of legs
antennae
3 body regions - head thorax abdomen
external double jointed mouth parts

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10
Q

paleoptera

A

mayflies and dragonflies

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11
Q

hemimetabulous

A

juvenile stages similar to adult

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12
Q

how are grasshopper nymphs different to adults

A

different proportion

lack wings

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13
Q

how are silk moths holometabolous

A

larval stages completely distinct from adults

undergo metamorphosis

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14
Q

blattidae

A

cockroaches and termites

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15
Q

paedomorphosis

A

adults retain juvenile forms

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16
Q

ephemeroptera

A

mayflies

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17
Q

orthoptera

A

grasshopper and crickets

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18
Q

phasmatodea

A

leaf and stick insects

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19
Q

mantodea

A

mantids

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20
Q

plecoptera

A

stoneflies

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21
Q

dermaptera

A

earwigs

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22
Q

hemiptera

A

true bugs

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23
Q

hymenoptera

A

bees ants wasps

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24
Q

how do gland cells support the cuticle

A

secrete substances for the production and maintenance of the cuticle

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25
Q

epicuticle

A

wax and cement

26
Q

procuticle

A

exo and endo cuticle

27
Q

What is the procuticle made up of

A

Chitin fibre layers running in different directions

28
Q

chitin is derived from..

A

dissacharides

29
Q

What is the main sugar in the haemolymph

A

trehalose

30
Q

how is the cuticle waterproof

A

epicuticular wax

31
Q

give an example of when cuticle remains soft

A

grasshopper laying eggs

32
Q

how is the jaw cuticle l of an insect hardened

A

impregnated with metals - zinc

sclerotization

33
Q

melanization and sclerotization do what to the cuticle

A

darken the cuticle through pigment

34
Q

how do fleas store energy to power their jumping

A

pads of resilin

35
Q

aposematism

A

warning colouration

36
Q

irodescence

A

structure of cuticle creates small mirrors

37
Q

how is the cuticle replaced

A

20 hydroxyecdysone enters epithelial cells
triggers division by mitosis - growth
old procuticle separates - apolysis - leaving ecdysial space
molting gel secreted containing inactive chitinase and protease
new epicuticle produced for protection against enzymes - cuticulon
molting gel activated and turns into molting fluid
fluid breaks down old endocuticlr - uses old components to make new procuticlr
left over fluid reabsorbed
wax layer
cement layer
bursicon for sclerotization
procuticle continue to be made

38
Q

What happens at the end of the moult

A

rapid expansion through uptake of air and water to inflate soft cuticle - prevent deformity

39
Q

What determines when moulting takes place

A

weight and size of insect

nutrition

40
Q

which hormones control hemimetabulous moult

A

ecdysone and juvenile hormone

bursicon and ecolsion hormone

41
Q

which hormones control holometabolous moult

A

ptth trigger release of ecdysone

decrease in juvenile hormone leads to Pupal formation and metamorphosis

42
Q

diapause

A

delay development by entering stage of torpor
pause all development by slowing metabolic rate
triggered by day light shortening and drop in temp

43
Q

insect respiration pathway

A

spiracles trachea tracheoles tissues

44
Q

why are tracheoles tips fluid filled

A

allows only 02 to diffuse across

45
Q

What determines flow of air in respiration system

A

placement of spiracles and air sacs

46
Q

What happens to the tracheal system during moult

A

tracheal lining also moulted and left connected to extuvia

internal lining -intima - also shed

47
Q

What conditions trigger moult to next instar

A

hypoxic

48
Q

What is abdominal pumping

A

move abdomen compressing abdominal air sacs to ensure ventilation

49
Q

directional flow during flight in hawk moths

A

use directional flow through spiracles during flight contributing to 02 uptake and cooling

50
Q

how do insects breathe underwater

A

spiracles on tips of abdomen

physical gills - plasteron

51
Q

process of waste removal and water retention in gut

A

sodium and potassium pumped into lumen of malphigian tubules .
chloride ions follow
water diffuses in through paracellular channels carrying waste and solutes
urine passed to hindgut
salts water and useful solutes reabsorbed in rectum
n.a. pumped in - cl follows
nkcc pump

52
Q

tenebrio species method of obtaining water

A

absorbed directly from atmosphere using high conc of ions

53
Q

what can be a burden during flight

A

metabolic water

54
Q

apterygota

A

true insects that lack wings

55
Q

zygentoma

A

three filaments at the posterior end of equal length

56
Q

archaeognatha

A

three filaments at the posterior end, 2 side filaments (cerci) short than the middle one

57
Q

pterygota

A

true insects with wings

58
Q

dictyoptera

A

blattidae and mantids

59
Q

endopterygota

A

winged insects in whixh the nyphms resemble the adults but lack wings

60
Q

exopterygota

A

winged insects in which the nymphs or larval under complete metamorphosis

61
Q

neuroptera

A

lacewings

Animal Phys (9 decks)

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