Insects

Question 1

holometabolous

Answer 1

completely different looking stages

Question 2

Insects can be fossilized in..

Answer 2

pyrite
limestone
Amber

Question 3

mandibular

Answer 3

double jointed mouth parts

Question 4

remipedes

Answer 4

outgrouo to hexapods

Question 5

What feature to extant remipedes show

Answer 5

metameric segmentation

Question 6

ectognathous

Answer 6

external mouth parts

Question 7

entognathans

Answer 7

lack wings
3 pairs of legs
highly segmented

Question 8

apterygotes

Answer 8

1st insect orders

Question 9

insect identification

Answer 9

3 pairs of legs
antennae
3 body regions - head thorax abdomen
external double jointed mouth parts

Question 10

paleoptera

Answer 10

mayflies and dragonflies

Question 11

hemimetabulous

Answer 11

juvenile stages similar to adult

Question 12

how are grasshopper nymphs different to adults

Answer 12

different proportion

lack wings

Question 13

how are silk moths holometabolous

Answer 13

larval stages completely distinct from adults

undergo metamorphosis

Question 14

blattidae

Answer 14

cockroaches and termites

Question 15

paedomorphosis

Answer 15

adults retain juvenile forms

Question 16

ephemeroptera

Answer 16

mayflies

Question 17

orthoptera

Answer 17

grasshopper and crickets

Question 18

phasmatodea

Answer 18

leaf and stick insects

Question 19

mantodea

Answer 19

mantids

Question 20

plecoptera

Answer 20

stoneflies

Question 21

dermaptera

Answer 21

earwigs

Question 22

hemiptera

Answer 22

true bugs

Question 23

hymenoptera

Answer 23

bees ants wasps

Question 24

how do gland cells support the cuticle

Answer 24

secrete substances for the production and maintenance of the cuticle

Question 25

epicuticle

Answer 25

wax and cement

Question 26

procuticle

Answer 26

exo and endo cuticle

Question 27

What is the procuticle made up of

Answer 27

Chitin fibre layers running in different directions

Question 28

chitin is derived from..

Answer 28

dissacharides

Question 29

What is the main sugar in the haemolymph

Answer 29

trehalose

Question 30

how is the cuticle waterproof

Answer 30

epicuticular wax

Question 31

give an example of when cuticle remains soft

Answer 31

grasshopper laying eggs

Question 32

how is the jaw cuticle l of an insect hardened

Answer 32

impregnated with metals - zinc | sclerotization

Question 33

melanization and sclerotization do what to the cuticle

Answer 33

darken the cuticle through pigment

Question 34

how do fleas store energy to power their jumping

Answer 34

pads of resilin

Question 35

aposematism

Answer 35

warning colouration

Question 36

irodescence

Answer 36

structure of cuticle creates small mirrors

Question 37

how is the cuticle replaced

Answer 37

20 hydroxyecdysone enters epithelial cells triggers division by mitosis - growth old procuticle separates - apolysis - leaving ecdysial space molting gel secreted containing inactive chitinase and protease new epicuticle produced for protection against enzymes - cuticulon molting gel activated and turns into molting fluid fluid breaks down old endocuticlr - uses old components to make new procuticlr left over fluid reabsorbed wax layer cement layer bursicon for sclerotization procuticle continue to be made

Question 38

What happens at the end of the moult

Answer 38

rapid expansion through uptake of air and water to inflate soft cuticle - prevent deformity

Question 39

What determines when moulting takes place

Answer 39

weight and size of insect | nutrition

Question 40

which hormones control hemimetabulous moult

Answer 40

ecdysone and juvenile hormone | bursicon and ecolsion hormone

Question 41

which hormones control holometabolous moult

Answer 41

ptth trigger release of ecdysone | decrease in juvenile hormone leads to Pupal formation and metamorphosis

Question 42

diapause

Answer 42

delay development by entering stage of torpor pause all development by slowing metabolic rate triggered by day light shortening and drop in temp

Question 43

insect respiration pathway

Answer 43

spiracles trachea tracheoles tissues

Question 44

why are tracheoles tips fluid filled

Answer 44

allows only 02 to diffuse across

Question 45

What determines flow of air in respiration system

Answer 45

placement of spiracles and air sacs

Question 46

What happens to the tracheal system during moult

Answer 46

tracheal lining also moulted and left connected to extuvia | internal lining -intima - also shed

Question 47

What conditions trigger moult to next instar

Answer 47

hypoxic

Question 48

What is abdominal pumping

Answer 48

move abdomen compressing abdominal air sacs to ensure ventilation

Question 49

directional flow during flight in hawk moths

Answer 49

use directional flow through spiracles during flight contributing to 02 uptake and cooling

Question 50

how do insects breathe underwater

Answer 50

spiracles on tips of abdomen | physical gills - plasteron

Question 51

process of waste removal and water retention in gut

Answer 51

sodium and potassium pumped into lumen of malphigian tubules . chloride ions follow water diffuses in through paracellular channels carrying waste and solutes urine passed to hindgut salts water and useful solutes reabsorbed in rectum n.a. pumped in - cl follows nkcc pump

Question 52

tenebrio species method of obtaining water

Answer 52

absorbed directly from atmosphere using high conc of ions

Question 53

what can be a burden during flight

Answer 53

metabolic water

Question 54

apterygota

Answer 54

true insects that lack wings

Question 55

zygentoma

Answer 55

three filaments at the posterior end of equal length

Question 56

archaeognatha

Answer 56

three filaments at the posterior end, 2 side filaments (cerci) short than the middle one

Question 57

pterygota

Answer 57

true insects with wings

Question 58

dictyoptera

Answer 58

blattidae and mantids

Question 59

endopterygota

Answer 59

winged insects in whixh the nyphms resemble the adults but lack wings

Question 60

exopterygota

Answer 60

winged insects in which the nymphs or larval under complete metamorphosis

Question 61

neuroptera

Answer 61

lacewings