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Biology > Inq. 6 & 7 > Flashcards

Inq. 6 & 7 Flashcards

How do genetic and biological techniques affect Earth’s biodiversity? Does artificial manipulation of DNA have the potential to change populations forever?

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1
Q

Ethics

A

the moral principles that govern a behaviour or the conducting of an activity.

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2
Q

Bioethics

A

The study and investigation of how decisions in medicine and science affect society and the environment.

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3
Q

Biotechnology

A

the use of biology as tools or the use of living organisms or their products to fulfil human needs.

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4
Q

Why must Agricultural Production increase?

A

to fulfil the needs of the growing human population

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5
Q

Ancient agricultural and aquacultural methods

A
  • firestick farming
  • growing and cultivating crops
    Chinese societies feeding carps in silkworm farms
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6
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A

a transition of society that formed the beginning of agriculture. Humans learned to cultivate plants and domesticate animals for food.

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7
Q

Green Revolution

A

during the early 20th century when technology begun being implicated to increase the yield of agricultural crops.

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8
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

the injection of semen into the vagina or cervix of a female without sexual intercourse.

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9
Q

Positives of artificial Insemination

A
  • best traits
  • sperm can be frozen for a long time - reproduce after death of animal
  • sperm can be transported
  • conservation of endangered species
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10
Q

Negatives of artificial insemination

A
  • More time, money and labour intensive – heat detection and yarding cows for insemination
  • Reduced reproductive success
  • Need skilled vets/technicians
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11
Q

Artificial pollination

A

Pollen from a selected plant is transferred to the style of selected plant.

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12
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA made up from the DNA of more than one species (usually bacterial DNA with human DNA inserted)

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13
Q

How is recombinant DNA formed using plasmids?

A

The plasmid is a section of DNA. It is removed from the bacteria first, then the plasmid is removed using a restriction enzyme. The new gene is then inserted back into the plasmid, which is returned to the bacteria.

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14
Q

Transgenic organisms

A

a type of genetically modified organism that has genes introduced from another species

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15
Q

How is a whole organism cloned

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) involves first removing the chromosomes from an egg cell to produce an enucleated egg. The chromosomes are replaced by a nucleus taken from a somatic cell from the organism being cloned. This egg is placed into the uterus of a surrogate mother to grow fully into a clone of an organism.

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16
Q

Why produce a clone?

A
  • Creation of stem cells
  • Higher milk or meat production
  • Understanding disease and infections
  • Recreate animals that have been endangered or are extinct
  • Desirable traits
17
Q

Process of PCR

A
  • Template DNA is denatured and split into singular strands
  • Primers are annealed to each original strand
  • DNA polymerase replicates the strands of DNA, creating more copies.
18
Q

Why are PCR tests conducted

A

PCR tests can be used in forensics, to multiply a small sample of DNA for crime lab testing. It can also be used in evolutionary biology to run comparative tests on DNA fragments from samples that are thousands of years old. Covid may also be detected in mucous samples.

19
Q

Impacts of transgenic organisms

A

Although theoretically, transgenic organisms would add more biodiversity to an ecosystem, they could however negatively impact it. Genetically modifying an organism is done to make it somehow better, in which could cause it to overrun native species, since it is more dominant. This unintentional introduction of a ‘pest’ would consequentially reduce the biodiversity of an area.

20
Q

Impact of clones

A

Since a clone is an exact genetic copy or an organism, it would greatly reduce the biodiversity of a population as there is no diversity or differentiation in the genetic code of the organism at all to its clone.

21
Q

Impact of Artificial Insemination

A

Artificial pollination can both increase and decrease the biodiversity of the environment. Since the pollen of a flower can be transported further than is natural to bree, this makes the genes become prevalent in other areas, increasing the genetic diversity. However, artificial pollination can also involve self-pollination, creating a clone of the plant. This greatly decreases the biodiversity of the species, as there is no genetic differentiation between the plants.

22
Q

What is CRISPR

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, relating to the repeats found in bacterial DNA. These repeats originate in small pieces of viruses, which bacteria use to identify them. CRISPR Cas9 involves RNA guiding Cas9 to specific locations in DNA, of which it can then cut the DNA strands. The cell recognizes the damage and repairs the strand; ‘fixing’ the error.

23
Q

What can CRISPR Cas9 be used for?

A
  • hypopituitary dwarfism
  • bone disintegration
  • burns
  • blood clotting
  • human insulin
24
Q

Sanger method of DNA profiling and sequencing

A
  1. Double strand DNA separated into single strands by heating
  2. DNA primer binds to the start of each DNA strand
  3. DNA polymerase builds the complementary strand
  4. Chain-terminating nucleotides are added to strands. These are labelled with a fluorescent dye, different for each nucleotide, and are attached at different positions so that many different lengths of dye-labelled DNA are created.
  5. Placed in a capillary gel electrophoresis which separates them based on their size and ‘reads’ the coloured tag as it passes the end.
  6. Computer analysis determines DNA sequence from dyes that absorb a particular wavelength of light.
25
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A
  • Used to separate DNA fragments of different sizes
  • DNA has an overall negative charge
  • DNA fragments are loaded into wells in the gel and an electric current is passed through
  • Fragments separated based on their size – smaller pieces are more mobile since they are lighter
  • Fragments form a pattern of lines which profiles the gene.
26
Q

What is DNA Profiling

A
  • Identifying and comparing the characteristics of individuals
  • Does not attempt to determine the sequence of the genome
  • Commonly used for forensic investigations and paternity testing
  • Closely related individuals have more similar DNA profiles
  • Unique to family groups in position
  • Can be used for identification
  • Perform PCR then gel electrophoresis

Biology (9 decks)

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