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Ultrasound Scanning Fundamentals > Innervation + ECG Notes > Flashcards

Innervation + ECG Notes Flashcards

1
Q

4 cell types in heart

A

myocardial cells
conduction cells
avascular valvular tissue
endocardial cells

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2
Q

spaces between myocardial/conduction cells are called/function

A

gap junctions
gateway for impulses to travel from cell to cell

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3
Q

myocardial cells (AKA, perform, where, how many)

A

contractile cells
perform kinetic work (contraction)
in atrial walls/myocardial layer of ventricle walls
most common

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4
Q

contractile (myocardial) cells must have _____ stimulation to contract, cause by a(n) _____

A

electrical
action potential

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5
Q

a cardiac cell, AKA _____, consists of units called ____ which consist of even smaller unit called _____

A

myocyte
myofibrils
sarcomeres

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6
Q

a myofibril contains ___ and ____ which facilitate ___ by _____ and ____

A

actin
myosin
contraction
sliding apart
together

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7
Q

conduction cells (AKA, what)

A

auto-arrythmic cells
specialized cells capable of initiating an electrical impulse
do not have the ability to contract

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8
Q

endocardial cells

A

line inner surfaces of the heart, including each of the 4 heart valves

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9
Q

action potential

A

electrical discharge caused by ion movement
involves depolarization and repolarization cycles

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10
Q

key ions of an action potential

A

Calcium (CA++)
Potassium (K+)
Sodium (NA+)

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11
Q

Ca++ cause

A

myocyte contraction by coming into the cell

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12
Q

K+ causes

A

repolarization of myocyte when exiting cell

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13
Q

Na+ causes (except when)

A

ion movement produces cell-to-cell conduction (of depolarization) in the heart
except AV node (depends on slow movement of Ca++ ions)

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14
Q

resting cells are ___ charged (____)

A

negatively
polarized

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15
Q

depolarized cells have a ___ charge

A

positive

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16
Q

depolarization causes

A

myocardial contraction

17
Q

intrinsic innervation what/how it depolarizes

A

internally motivated journey of electrical impulses through the heart and back
depolarizes at natural pacemaker and repolarizes in reverse sequence

18
Q

SA node (what, where, initiates, creates, pulse rate)

A

dominant pacemaker
upper wall of RA
initiates wave of depolarization along internodal paths
creates sinus rhythm
pulse rate of 60-100 bpm

19
Q

AV node (what, acts, location, function)

A

only pathway between atria/vent
act as back up pacemaker if SA node fails (pulse 40-60bpm)
just above tricuspid valve in RA
depolarization slows here = allows time for atria to contact/blood enter vemt

20
Q

Bundle of His (location, function)

A

slightly distal to AV node
depolarization. speeds up again shooting through LT/Rt bundle branches

21
Q

RT/LT bundle branches (what, impulses travel, creates)

A

2 separate bundles of much smaller Purkinje fibers
impulses travel along interventricular septum towards the apex, then turns sup toward base f lateral sides of the heart
ventricular myocytes depolarize = creates QRS complex

22
Q

Purkinje Fibers (what, deliver, function, location)

A

branch off bundle branches
deliver impulses to individual muscle cells
can generate back up pulse rate of 30-40 bpm (still need pacemaker)
edge of endocardium and expand to epicardium

23
Q

repolarization starts with ____cardium going to ____cardium

A

epi
endo

24
Q

extrinsic innervation

A

externally motivated control over HR/contractility by symp/psyop nervous systems

25
Q

chronotropy

A

heart rate

26
Q

inotropy

A

contracility

27
Q

preload

A

ventricular filling volumes

28
Q

afterload

A

systemic arterial pressure

29
Q

symp nervous system (runs from, effect, stimulated when, releases)

A

runs from medulla to thoracic spine level
accelerates heart (release nor-epinephrine, increase ion exchange, increase HR/force of contraction)
stimulated during stress (fight/flight)

30
Q

psymp nervous system (runs from, effect, stimulated when, releases)

A

runs from medulla to heart via vagus nerve
slows HR
stimulated during rest
releases acetycholine

31
Q

deflection ECG

A

direction - up/down

32
Q

standard ECH has how many electrodes/leads vs what we use

A

10/12
3/1

33
Q

P wave

A

represents atrial depolarization
first electrical even in normal rhythm

34
Q

PR segment

A

represent atrial contraction
flat segment during AV node delay

35
Q

PR interval

A

include P wave and PR segment
represents complete atrial activity

36
Q

QRS complex

A

represents ventricular depolarization
largest deflection on ECG
shows rapid ventricular conduction

37
Q

ST segment

A

represents ventricular contraction
usually appears as isoelectric line

38
Q

T wave

A

represents ventricular repolarization
occurs during continued ventricular contraction

39
Q

QT interval

A

spans QRS complex to end of T wave
represents complete ventricular systole

Ultrasound Scanning Fundamentals (10 decks)

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