Echo Basics Flashcards
Adult transthoracic echo transducers range from ____ MHz
2 to 5 MHz
Echo uses a _____ transducer
Phased array
Phased array transducer has a ____ footprint, ______ field
Small
Wide
___ of the heart lies to the left of the sternum
2/3
Why would someone get an echocardiogram
Ischemic heart disease (heart attack)
Valvular disease
Congestive heart failure
Pericardial disease
Functional capacity
Other (congenital heart defects)
Pericardium layers
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Outermost layer
Prevents over distension of the heart
Serous pericardium (what/contains)
2 layers between which has 20-50 ml of fluid
Parietal layer
Visceral layer (epicardium)
Heart muscle layers
Endocardium:thin layer between blood and myocardium
Myocardium -thickest with striated fibers
epicardium-outside edge of myocardium (AKA visceral serous pericardium)
RV has about ___ the pressure of the LV
1/4
When ____ ions enter a cardiac cell (myocyte) the cell becomes ____ which leads to ____
Positive
Depolarized
Contraction
Myocytes at rest are ___ ( ___ charge)
Polarized
Negative
Cycle of cardiac innervation
SA node
Intermodal tracts
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibres
Basic ECG waves
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
P wave (what, leads to, when, size)
Atrial depolarization
Leads to atrial contraction
Late diastole
Just before QRS
Should be smaller than T wave
QRS complex (what, leads to, when, size)
Ventricular depolarization
Leads to ventricular contraction
Early systole
Should come to a highpoint
Should be much taller than T wave
T wave (what, leads to, when, size)
Ventricular repolarization
Leads to ventricular relaxation
Late systole
After QRS complex
Should be taller than P wave but hotter than QRS complex
____ is the most reflective structure and appears almost white
Pericardium
______ is a medium gray and homogenous in echotexture
Myocardium
For subcostal views of heart what is patient position
Supine with knee flexed
Four routine positions on the chest wall
Parasternal
Apical
Subcostal (under xiphoid)
Suprasternal (suprasternal notch)
Apical 4/5 chamber views points to where on clock
3:00 (2-3)
Apical 2 chamber points where on clock
1:00
Apical 3 chamber points where on clock
11:00
Struggling to get LA in image for apical four chamber where should you move
Rotate slightly counterclockwise
Apical view has focus where
Mid depth
LV is too far right on apical 4 means to move
if too far left
Lateral (marker side)
medial
Apical 5 chamber is same A4C but beam angled
Anteriorly
Apical 3 vs 2
3 shows AV/AO
While 2 only shows LV/MV/LA
