Inner life

Question 1

New evidence is showing that ___ ________ may play a role in the development of obesity

Answer 1

gut bacteria

Question 2

The gut bacteria may influence how we store ___, maintain blood _______ levels and react to ________ related to feeling full.

Answer 2

fat, glucose, hormones

Question 3

Gut bacteria seem to play a role in the development of ______ and _______

Answer 3

obesity, diabetes

Question 4

An unhealthy mix of gut bacteria may start their influence immediately after ____.

Answer 4

birth

Question 5

Research is trying to elucidate what ______ of bacteria is healthy and what affects the ___ of these bacteria

Answer 5

mixture, mix

Question 6

• Research is trying to elucidate what mixture of bacteria is healthy and what affects the mix of these bacteria
• Having the knowledge of what is healthy or unhealthy may help to prevent or treat ______.

Answer 6

obesity

Question 7

Intestinal bacterial cells outnumber the cells in the human body, estimated to be a factor of __:_, although the real number is not known

Answer 7

10:1

Question 8

Large populations of bacteria occur in the _____, with even more bacteria in the ____ intestine. Although impressive communities also flourish in the ______ tract and on our ____.

Answer 8

mouth, large, genital, skin

Question 9

During the normal birth process, the baby picks up the bacteria from the mother’s _____ ______, with more strains of bacteria being picked up subsequently from the ____________.

Answer 9

birth canal, environment

Question 10

The mixture of bacterial strains in greatly vary from person to person and across various ________ groups.

Answer 10

population

Question 11

Recent studies are showing:

• _______ persons tend to have a greater variety of bacterial species
• ________ individuals had a less diverse population of bacterial types in their guts

Answer 11

Leaner, overweight

Question 12

• Rat studies have been done using bacterial flora from human twins, one twin being lean and the other obese
• Rats raised in a sterile environment inoculated with bacteria from the heavier twin tended to have a greater amount of body ___ compared to rats receiving bacteria from the leaner twin

Answer 12

fat

Question 13

• Another study has shown that after inoculation from either the lean or obese twin, if rats were allowed to share cages, both groups remained ____ and had greater variety of _______.
• As well in mice, directly introducing _______ from ____ persons to the previously obesity-inoculated mouse group resulted in the obese-inoculated mice reverting to a healthier weight

Answer 13

lean, bacteria, bacteria, lean

Question 14

Blood levels of mice with unhealthy mix of bacteria show higher levels of branched-chain _____ ____ and other compounds which are also elevated in obese persons and those suffering from Type 2 diabetes.

Answer 14

amino acids

Question 15

Blood levels of mice with unhealthy mix of bacteria show higher levels of branched-chain amino acids and other compounds which are also elevated in _____ persons and those suffering from Type __ diabetes.

Answer 15

obese, 2

Question 16

• __________ ____ is a bacterium found in the stomach of humans and is implicated in the formation of ulcers.

Answer 16

Helicobacter pylori

Question 17

• Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium found in the stomach of humans and is implicated in the formation of ____.

Answer 17

ulcers

Question 18

Helicobacter pylori

- This bacterium may regulate the stomach hormone _____ which stimulates hunger

Answer 18

ghrelin

Question 19

• H. pylori is less common in the digestive tract of humans in North America due to emphasis on ______ and greater use of _______.

Answer 19

hygiene, antibiotics

Question 20

The North American diet of more processed foods leads to ____ ______ gut flora

Answer 20

less diverse

Question 21

• The North American diet of more processed foods leads to less diverse gut flora
• Mice studies showed that this type of diet (low fibre, low in fruits and vegetables, higher in fat) induced _____ even if the mice were raised with mice with lean-type bacterial types

Answer 21

obesity

Question 22

• The North American diet of more processed foods leads to less diverse gut flora
• Mice studies showed that this type of diet (low _____, low in ____ and _________, higher in ___) induced obesity even if the mice were raised with mice with lean-type bacterial types

Answer 22

fiber, fruits, vegetables, fat

Question 23

• Persons fed ____ ______ and those born by ________ ______ show a higher tendency for obesity later in life compared to those born _______.

Answer 23

infant formula, caesarean section, vaginally

Question 24

• Breast-fed infants will also acquire bacteria that help in the digestion of ___, encourage a healthy population of bacterial species and discourage growth of unhealthy bacteria

Answer 24

milk

Question 25

• _____-____ infants will also acquire bacteria that help in the digestion of milk, encourage a healthy population of bacterial species and discourage growth of unhealthy bacteria

Answer 25

Breast-fed

Question 26

• Breast-fed infants will also acquire bacteria that help in the digestion of milk, encourage a ______ population of bacterial species and discourage growth of _______ bacteria

Answer 26

healthy, unhealthy

Question 27

• Formula-fed infants have different ________ populations compared to breast-fed infants.

Answer 27

bacterial

Question 28

• Formula-fed infants have different bacterial populations compared to breast-fed infants
• It is thought that the infant’s still immature immune system in bottle-fed infants is not able to correctly handle the _______ bacteria.

Answer 28

unhealthy

Question 29

• Formula-fed infants have different bacterial populations compared to breast-fed infants
• It is thought that the infant’s still immature immune system in bottle-fed infants is not able to correctly handle the unhealthy bacteria
• The consequence is greater exposure to ________

Answer 29

allergens

Question 30

• Formula-fed infants have different bacterial populations compared to breast-fed infants
• It is thought that the infant’s still immature immune system in bottle-fed infants is not able to correctly handle the unhealthy bacteria
• The consequence is greater exposure to allergens leading to higher risk of ______, _______,________, ______ disease and ______.

Answer 30

asthma, allergies, eczema, celiac, obesity

Question 31

• Studies of mice show a greater percentage of body fat in mice given low-dose ________.

Answer 31

antibiotics

Question 32

• It is thought that the antibiotics kill off the healthy bacteria types that help maintain a healthy ______.

Answer 32

weight

Question 33

• Human studies in US show that in the US, states that have greater _______ use show increased prevalence of obesity.

Answer 33

antibiotic

Question 34

• Studies are being conducted on infants born by caesarean section being inoculated with _______ from mother’s birth canal.

Answer 34

bacteria

Question 35

• Studies are being conducted on infants born by caesarean section being inoculated with bacteria from mother’s birth canal
• The children’s growth will be monitored to check if there will be any effect on ______ and ______.

Answer 35

growth, weight

Question 36

• Other studies are trying to determine whether _____ transplantation from healthy weight persons to overweight/obese persons will lead to weight loss

Answer 36

fecal

Question 37

• It is still to be determined, however, which bacterial _______ are specifically related to leanness

Answer 37

species