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IHL Exam 1 Me > Innate Immunity (Bowden) > Flashcards

Innate Immunity (Bowden) Flashcards

1
Q

is there memory in innate immunity

A

no

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2
Q

specificity

A

for structures shared by classes of microbes (PAMP’s, DAMP’s)

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3
Q

receptors in innate

A

encodes in germline, limited diversity

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4
Q

Nonclonal distribution of receptors

A

identical receptors on all cells of the same lineage

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5
Q

discrimination of self and non self? (innate)

A

yes but not to extent that is in adaptive immunity

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6
Q

IL-3

A

acts on immature progenitors (works on myeloid or lymphoid progenitors)

made by T cells

multi lineage cytokine

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7
Q

IL-7

A

Necessary for lymphoid progenitor commitment to lymphoid lineages

necessary for survival of T cells

made by bone marrow stromal cells, fibroblasts

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8
Q

Neutrophils

A

(Polys) (pus/abscess)

multi lobed (2-5 lobes)

Primary responder (first)

highly phagocytic, short lived (6 hrs)

enzymatic activity

migrate via chemotaxis

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9
Q

Neutrophil receptors

A 
IFN gamma
chemokines
TLR's
complement (C')
mannose
scavenger
FcR IgG (CD16b)
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10
Q

Macrophages

A

In blood undifferentiated –> monocyte
in tissue differentiated –> macrophage

respond to sites of inflammation 1-2 days but survive longer than neutrophils

activated macrophages–> their phagocytosis leads to increased ROS and iNOS–> enhancing their killing ability

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11
Q

2 types of macrophages

A

Inflammatory

Resident

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12
Q

Macrophage receptors

A

TLR’s, Integrins, IFN-gamma, chemokines

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13
Q

Resident macrophages

A

Live in tissues permanently “surveillance”

osteoclasts, microglia, etc.

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14
Q

Recruited macrophage

A

includes the classically antigen activated macrophage

classically activated macrophages are involved in destroying microbes and in triggering inflammation

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15
Q

Innate immunity roles

A

Phagocytosis
wound healing
inflammation
cytokine production

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16
Q

NK cells

A

Lymphoid lineage

recognize infected, stressed, or malignant cells and kill them

secrete IFN-gamma which activated macrophages

activated by IL-12

inhibitory receptor: class I MHC

***Main anti-viral defense

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17
Q

IL-12

A

produced by macrophages

activates NK cells to secrete IFN-gamma

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18
Q

Receptors on NK cells

A

Activating receptor

Inhibitory receptor

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19
Q

Normal cells constitutively express what?

A

express activating receptor ligand

as well as class I MCH complex

soo… if a virus comes along it inhibits class I MHC expression, so the NK is not inhibited and instead activated to kill infected cells

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20
Q

Mast Cells

A

2 types
Tissue and Mucosal

Play a key role in inflammatory process

Stimulated to degranulate (release histamine) by direct injury, chemical, alcohols

also release proteases, heparin, TNF

21
Q

What is in mast cell granules

A

Histamine
Proteases
Heparin
TNF

these are released immediately

22
Q

What do mast cells make later (minutes)

A

Prostaglandins

Platelet activating factor

23
Q

What do mast cells make after few hours

A 
Interleukins 
IL-1
IL-3
IL4
IL5
IL6
IL8
TNF
24
Q

IL-5

A

Causes Eosinophls to differentiate

25
Q

Eosinophils

A

Differentiate in response to IL-5

Persist for 8-12 hours

Responsible for combating multicellular parasites

can run amuck easily

26
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Antigen presenting cells

long dendritic processes, first phagocytotic then antigen presenting

Bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

27
Q

Epithelia

A

Physical barrier- tight junctions
Chemical barrier-defensens (antibiotics) and FA’s
Normal flora
Specialized lymphocytes (Intraepithelial)

28
Q

Defensens

A

positively charged, small Antimicrobial antibiotics

mainly found in granules

produced by neutrophils, Paneth cells

29
Q

Mucosal surfaces

A 
Removal of particles 
rapid pH changes
Mucus/secretions
Cilia
Normal flora
30
Q

PAMP’s

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

molecules/structures that are shared by various microbes NOT PRESENT ON SELF

Microbes CANNOT mutate to evade immune response without killing themselves. so necesseary for microbe survival

31
Q

DAMP’s

A

Molecules released by stressed/necrotic cells undergoing necrosis that act as signals to promote/exacerbate inflammatory response

Increased serum levels of DAMPS’s are associated with inflammatory disease b/c they are eliciting the inflammatory response (Sepsis, Arthritis, Lupus, etc.)

32
Q

Toll LIke receptors

A

TLR’s

activates transcription factor NF-kB which promotes expression of cytokines, endothelial adhesion molecules….

Upregulate the expression of TNF, IL1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12

increase microbial activity, apoptosis, production defensins

33
Q

NOD-like receptors

A

in the cytoplasm recognizing PAMP’s and DAMP’s

34
Q

Innate immune evasion by microbes/pathogens

A

Resistance to phagocytosis
Resistance to ROS
resistance to complement activation
resistance to antimicrobial peptide antibiotics

35
Q

Luisa Ortega

A

extremely high white blood cell count

Has Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

was given bone marrow transplant

36
Q

Acute inflammatory response

A

Occurs immediately after trauma or infection to help with healing

Involves:
1 Vasodilation (histamine)
2 Increased vascular permeability
3 Emigration of leukocytes from blood into damaged area

37
Q

Edema

A

brings plasma proteins into intimate contact with the damaged area

proteins include:
Clotting proteins
Fibrinolytic proteins
Complement system
Kinin cascase (vasodilation, increases permeability of blood vessels)
38
Q

P-selectin

A

Endothelial cells constitutively express very small amounts of this

39
Q

L-selectin

A

Constitutively expressed on leukocytes in very small amounts

40
Q

IL-8 (CxCl8)

A

Major chemokine involved in leukocyte migration

41
Q

Chemokine function

A

Stimulate rapid increase in affinity of the leukocyte integrins for their ligands on endothelium

42
Q

LFA-1

A

An integrin on leukocytes (lymphocytes)

binds to ICAM-1 on the endothelium (integrin ligand)

43
Q

ICAM-1

A

integrin ligand on endothelial cells

upregulated and produced by endothelial in response to cytokines (IL-1 and TNF)

44
Q

VCAM-1

A

integrin ligand on the endothelial that binds to VLA4 (integrin on the macrophage)

45
Q

VLA4

A

Integrin on the macrophage that binds VCAM1 on endothelial

46
Q

LAD’s

A

Leukocyte adhesions deficiencies

inherited deficiencies (autosomal recessive)

deficiencies in integrins and selectin ligands lead to defective leukocyte recruitment and increased susceptibility to infection

47
Q

Chemokine involved in macrophage recruitment

A

CCL2

48
Q

Puss formation

A

From neutrophils

IHL Exam 1 Me (11 decks)

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