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IHL Exam 1 Me > Cytokines and hematopoiesis (Heck) > Flashcards

Cytokines and hematopoiesis (Heck) Flashcards

1
Q

Test tube with anticoagulant

A

Plasma (albumin, fibrinogen, lipids, salts, vit., hormones, etc.)
Buffy coat (leukocytes)
Hematocrit (RBC’s ~45 percent)

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2
Q

Test tube without anticoagulant

A 
Serum (no fibrinogen, but containing albumin
Blood clot (fibrin containing network)
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3
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of red blood cells

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4
Q

leukopoiesis

A

formation of white blood cells

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5
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

formation of platelets

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6
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

pluripotent (can give rise to all three germ layers) capable of self-renewal
located in bone marrow

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7
Q

Phases of hematopoiesis

A

Yolk sac phase (hemangioblasts)
Hepatic phase (involves liver and spleen)
Bone marrow phase (at 7 months, bone marrow phase)

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8
Q

General trends of hematopoiesis

A 
Decrease cell diameter
Cytoplasm less basophilic 
Hemoglobin deposition--> pink color
Nuclear diameter decrease 
Nuclear color from purplish red to dark blue
nuclear chromatin condensed
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9
Q

Stem cell factor

A 
AKA--> C-Kit ligand
Receptor is C-kit
Hematopoietic cytokine
produced in bone marrow stromal cells
signal stimulates self-renewal and differentiation
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10
Q

What expresses C-Kit ligand receptor

A

Expressed by Hematopoietic stem cells

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11
Q

C-kit receptor

A

Tyrosine kinase receptor (activates MAPK, PI3-K, JAK/STAT)
located on HSC
proto-oncogene (mutation causes gain of function, induces proliferation of cells)

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12
Q

C-kit ligand in therapy

A

Given to pt’s after chemotherapy to repopulate stem cells

can tell which cells are stem cells b/c they have the C-kit receptor

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13
Q

Imatinib

A

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
Binds to and inhibits C-Kit receptor
good results in treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia because it reduces the amount of HSC’s that are differentiating

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14
Q

Lineage restricted progenitor cells

A 
aka colony forming units (CFU)
Descendants of HSC's 
multipotent
non-renewing
includes Common Myeloid and Common Lymphoid progenitor cells
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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A 
Type of Myeloid 
Anucleate
Biconcave
Lacks organelles
120 day lifespan
Contains (plasma mem, cytoskeleton, hemoglobin, glycolytic enzymes)
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16
Q

O Antigen

A

Present when individual lacks functional enzymes (no extra sugar added)
default blood type

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17
Q

A Antigen

A

When individual has the enzyme N-acelylgalactosamine that adds extra N-Acelylgalactosamine

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18
Q

ABO blood groups

A

glycoprotein markers on surface of RBC’s
products of glycosylation
includes A, B, O and AB antigens

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19
Q

B antigen

A

have galactose transferase which adds additional galactose

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20
Q

AB blood group

A

Have both N-acelylgalactosamine and glucose transferase to add both additional sugars

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21
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Starts in bone marrow
Erythrocytes mature in blood stream
10 step process

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22
Q

10 steps in Erythropoiesis

A 
HSC
CMP
MEP
ErP
Proerythroblast
Basophilic Erythroblast
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
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23
Q

Proerythroblast

A

can see nucleolus (so means making tRNA and mRNA for ribosomes)
large nucleus
cytoplasm stains blue (positive) b/c free ribosomes synthesizing hemoglobin

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24
Q

Basophilic erythroblast

A

more basophilic

lots of ribosomes so still blue

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25
Q

polychromatophilic erythroblast

A

stains both pink and blue because now have accumulation of hemoglobin

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26
Q

Normoblast

A

dense nucleus because of condensed chromatin
can no longer divide
nucleus is seen at the edge of the cell to be extruded

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27
Q

Reticulocyte

A 
Anucleate
stains pink (eosinophilic) looks pretty indistinguishable from mature RBC's
this is released into the bloodstream (matures in 1-2 days) and used clinically to determine how much erythropoiesis is happening
28
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Cytokine (growth factor) that stimulates erythrocyte production
produced by kidneys
binds to erythroid cell lineage in bone marrow
prevents apoptosis

induced by hypoxia

29
Q

Hif-1

A

induces expression of erythropoietin in hypoxic conditions

30
Q

erythropoietin receptor

A

Located on erythroctye progenitor cells (also can be on proerythroblasts and normoblasts)

tyrosine kinase receptor

induces JAK/STAT pathway–> STAT induces expression of genomic sequences required for erythrocyte differentiation

31
Q

Recombinant EPO clinical uses

A

chronic kidney disease: reduced EPO production leads to decreased RBC’s

chemotherapy: repopulate cells lost during chemotherapy

32
Q

Recombinant EPO use in blood doping

A

Given to athletes to increase RBC, more muscle tissue oxygenation

Detected by using electrophoresis–> isoelectric point of recomb. EPO different than human produced EPO

33
Q

Platelets

A

very small compared to RBC’s
anucleate
little membrane bound cytoplasm
4 zones

34
Q

Peripheral zone and Structural Zone (platelet)

A

Cell membrane
Glycocalyx (integral membrane of glycoproteins)

Cytoskeleton

35
Q

Organelle Zone (platelets)

A

Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Glycogen
Granules (contain clotting factors and activators, etc.)

36
Q

Membrane Zone (of platelets)

A

Open canalicular system (OCS)
these are remnants of membrane channels that subdivided the precursor megakaryocytic into platelets
Dense tubular system -storage for calcium ions, originates from rER of precursor

37
Q

Thromboeisis

A

6 step process

located in bone marrow

38
Q

Megakaryoblast

A

large
non lobed
Undergoes endomitosis
under influence of thrombopoietin

39
Q

Megakaryocyte

A 
Final step before platelet formation
larger than megakaryoblast
multi lobed nucleus
undergoes Karyokinesis (nucleus)
Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
40
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Growth factor
regulates platelet function

targets and prevents apoptosis of megakaryocytic
promotes maturation of megakaryocytic

produced by liver mainly

41
Q

c-Mpl receptor

A

Receptor for thrombopoietin

expressed on platelets, megakaryocytes

42
Q

Liver failure

A

Insufficient in producing thrombopoietin

43
Q

Thrombocythemia

A

Pt having too many platelets due to primary mechanism (So activating mutation in receptor or in thrombopoietin)
results in clotting abnormally

44
Q

thrombocytosis

A

too many platelets due to secondary mechanism

45
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

not enough platelets

46
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Development of white blood cells

myeloid
lymphoid

Granulocytes (have granules)
Agranulocytes (no granules)

47
Q

Specific granules

A

Secretory vesicles filled with cytotoxic enzymes and peptides that are released from cell during degranulation
Special or specific (not present in most cells)

only myeloid type white blood cells contain specific granules

48
Q

Azurophilic granules

A

Non-specific to cells that degranulate (primary)

filled with enzymes that function in phagocytosis (killing a microbe)

49
Q

Lymphoid type white blood cells

A

T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte
Natural killer cells

50
Q

Myeloid type white blood cells

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinophil

51
Q

Myelopoiesis (cell types)

A 
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Mature cell
52
Q

Myeloblast (myeloid type white blood cells)

A 
Contains nucleoli (producing RNA)
no granules
53
Q

Promyelocyte (myeloid type white blood cells)

A

producing primary (azurophilic) granules

54
Q

Myelocyte

A

starts to produce specific granules (secondary)
can begin to determine differences in cell type

nucleus no longer round (no nucleoli

55
Q

Metamyelocyte

A

Changes in nucleus occur (shape)
post-mitotic so no longer dividing

nucleus begins to indent

56
Q

Neutrophil

A

Nucleus has 2-4 lobes
cytoplasm lacks staining b/c it’s specific granules are not highly staining

Band cells (unique stage of development)
"u-shaped nucleus"

most common

eliminate bacteria or parasites

57
Q

Eosinophil

A

granulocyte of myeloid cell descent

Bilobed nucleus

stains darkly b/c of its specific granules

not usually in high conc.

58
Q

Basophil

A

Bilobed nucleus- but can’t see it b/c of it’s specific granules

intense basophilic staining (blue)

present in very low conc.

histamine producing cell type (allergies)

59
Q

Monocyte

A

Only agranulocyte of the myeloid cell descent

cytoplasm doesn’t stain b/c just has azurophilic granules

in blood 3 days

Differentiate in local tissue
Macrophages (tissue specific)

Osteoclasts (bone)
Microglia (brain)

60
Q

IL-3

A

cytokine produced by lymphocytes

expansion of immature marrow progenitors into all types of mature hematopoeitic cells

and mast cells

used after chemotherapy to replenish cell types

61
Q

GM-CSF

A

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony stimulating factor

targets neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells

source–> endothelial cells, T cells, fibroblasts, monocytes

used after chemotherapy to replenish cell types

62
Q

B cell

A

Lymphocyte of Lymphoid type cell descent

Antibody production

located in bone marrow

63
Q

T Cells

A

Lymphocyte of lymphoid type cell descent

cell-mediated immunity

produced in bone marrow but undergo differentiation in the thymus

64
Q

Natural killer cell

A

Large Lymphocyte

Kidney shaped nucleus

more intense staining

mature in peripheral tissues

65
Q

Lymphophoiesis

A

Lymphocyte production

IL-7

66
Q

IL-7

A

Cytokine

stimulates expansion of immature B and T cells

produced by stromal cells (CT type cell) of many tissues

67
Q

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency

A

Lack of IL-7 signaling causes decrease in T cells

IHL Exam 1 Me (11 decks)

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