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pathophysiology > innate immunity > Flashcards

innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

immune cells involved in innate immunity

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, mast cells, natural killer cells

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2
Q

2 key players in pathogen recognition

A
  1. PAMPs

2. TLR

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3
Q

PAMPS

A

pathogen associated microbial pattern- lipopolysaccarides on the outside of gram (-) bacteria, cell wall polysaccharide from fungi, double strand RNA from viruses- PAMPs bind to leukocyte pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and activate leukocytes to kill or ingest pathogens

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4
Q

TLR

A

toll-like receptor - single pass transmembrane protien on the membrane of leukocyte and non-immune cells, 10 TLR identified in humans, varying in immune cell distribution and PAMP recognition
they link innate and adaptive immunity on dendritic cells

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5
Q

imiquimod

A

topical cream for warts, acitic keratoses and basal cell carcinoma - activates TLR7 enhancing innate immunity through secretion of cytokines (IFD, IF6, TNFD) - activate langerhan, NK, macrophage, B cells, treats HPV and anti-tumor- innate and adaptave

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6
Q

function of chemotaxin and examples

A

chemotaxins are chemicals that attract leukocytes to the site of infection - macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL8

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7
Q

role of adhesion molecule in leukocyte extravasation

A

extravasation: leave blood vessel for tissue

ICAM-1: intracellular adhesion molecule on the epi attach to LFA-1 to trigger inflammation

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8
Q

LAD1

A

(leukocyte adhesion deficiency) LAD1 is caused by molecular deficits in LFA (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1), leading to ineffective migration and phagocytosis
Recurring bacterial infection, ineffective wound healing, impaired pus formation, and granulocytosis (increased level of granulocytes in peripheral blood)

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9
Q

Describe the role of opsonins in phagocytosis

A

Opsonins: antibodies and plasma proteins that tag particles to be ingested
Here the antibodies bridge the gap between the pathogen and the macrophage to facilitate its elimination

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10
Q

Describe the major functions of NK cells in innate immunity

A

NK cells target virus-infected cells and induce apoptosis, act faster than lymphocytes
NK cells attach some tumor cells
Recognize virus-infected cells via DAMPs
NK cells and other lymphocytes secrete antiviral cytokines, including interferons (IFNs)

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11
Q

three functions of interferons

A

Interfere with viral replication
IFN-y activates macrophages and other immune cells
Can cause fever, muscle pain, and flu-like symptoms

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12
Q

Describe the property and functions of acute‐phase proteins

A

Plasma levels increase immediately after injury or infection, and declines as the immune response proceeds
Mostly produced in the liver
Includes opsonins, antiprotease molecules (prevent tissue damage), and c-reactive protein (CRP)

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13
Q

CRP

A

Binds to lysophosphocholine on the surface of dead or dying cells and some bacteria, and activates the complement system, promoting phagocytosis by macrophages
Is an indicator of chronic inflammation (its level correlates with risk for CHD)

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14
Q

two immune cells that synthesize and release histamine

A

Basophils and mast cells

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15
Q

Basophils and mast cells role in inflammation initiation

A

Dilates blood vessels
Increases capillary permeability, plasma proteins escape into the interstitial space, leading to local edema
Works with prostaglandins and leukotrienes to induce bronchoconstriction

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16
Q

Describe the two points of regulation of eicosanoids synthesis during inflammation

A

Cyclooxygenase pathway:
Lipoxygenase pathway:
Cytokines and complement stimulate the enzymatic release of arachidonic acid from plasma membrane (glucocorticoids)

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17
Q

Lipoxygenase pathway:

A

Leukotrienes cause bronchoconstriction

Lypoxins modulate the actions of leukotrienes and cytokines (resolution of inflammation)

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18
Q

Cyclooxygenase pathway

A

COX-2 is induced by LPS, TNF-a, and IL-1, and inhibited by glucocorticoids
PGE2s cause vasodilation, hyperalgesia, and fever

19
Q

Two major cytokines involved in acute inflammatory response

A

IL-1, TNF-a

20
Q

IL-1

A

Stimulate hepatic production of acute-phase proteins
Alter vascular endothelium to facilitate passage of leukocytes and proteins
Induce fever
Stimulate cytokine secretion

21
Q

TNF-a

A 
Produce chiefly by activated macrophages
Stimulate hepatic production of acute-phase proteins
Neutrophil chemoattractant
Pyrogenic 
Induce apoptosis
22
Q

Describe the three functions of bradykinin

A

Vasodilation, lower BP
Increase vascular permeability
Promotes pain sensation

23
Q

four functions of complement proteins

A
  1. Actasopsonins C3b
  2. Actasleukocyteattractants on c3a
  3. Inducemastcelldegranulation C39/5a
  4. Formmembraneattackcomplex (MAC)tolysethetargetcells
24
Q

MAC

A
  1. complement insert into membrane of pathogen, creating pores, pores of membrane attack complex, water and ions enter through the pores of the embrane attack complexes, cell swells and lyses
25
Q

acute phase proteins

A

liver proteins that act as opsonins and enhance inflammatory response

26
Q

pyrogens

A

fever producing

27
Q

cytokines

A

proteins released by one cell that affects growth or activity of another cell

28
Q

opsonins

A

proteins that coat pathogens so phagocytes recognize and ingest

29
Q

antibodies

A

proteins secreted by B lymph that fight invaders

30
Q

bradykinin

A

stimulates pain receptors, vasodilator

31
Q

complement

A

plasma and cell membrane proteins that act as opsonins, cytolytic agents, and mediators of inflammation

32
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP)

A

opsonin that activates complement cascade

33
Q

granzymes

A

cytotoxic enzymes that initiate apoptosis

34
Q

histamine

A

vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor, released by mast cells and basophils

35
Q

interferons

A

inhibit viral replication and modulate the immune response

36
Q

interleukins

A

cytokines secreted by leukocytes to act primarily on other leukocytes; IL-1 mediates inflammatory response and induces fever

37
Q

kinins

A

plasma proteins that activate to form bradykinin

38
Q

lysozyme

A

extracellular enzyme that attacks bacteria

39
Q

MHC

A

membrane protein complex involved in cell recognition

40
Q

MAC

A

pore protein made in complement cascade

41
Q

perforin

A

pore protein that allows granzymes to enter cell make by NK and cytotoxic T cell

42
Q

suberoxide anion

A

powerful in phagocyte lysosomes

43
Q

T-cell receptors

A

T lymphocytes that recognize and bind antigen presented by MHC

44
Q

TNF

A

tumor necrosis factor- t lymph receptors that recognize and bind antigen presented by MHC receptors

pathophysiology (11 decks)

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