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RUSVM Immunology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Immediate innate immune response time frame

A

0-4 hrs

*can have removal of infectious agents with no symptoms of infection

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2
Q

Early induced innate immune response time frame

A

4-96 hrs

*recognition of PAMPS, inflammation

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3
Q

Adaptive immune response time

A

greater than 96 hrs

*transport of Ag to lymphoid organs

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4
Q

Physical barriers

A

skin, mucus membranes

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5
Q

Humoral barriers

A

Complement system

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6
Q

Cellular barriers

A

Phagocytes, NK cells

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7
Q

Skin, cilia in respiratory tract, peristalsis in GI tract, washing by tears/saliva, and thick mucus are all types of _______ defense

A

Mechanical

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8
Q

Chemical factors in the innate immune response

A

Fatty acids (sweat)

lysozyme and phospholipase (tears/saliva)

low pH (sweat/gastric fluids)

Surfactants (lungs)

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9
Q

Normal flora on the skin and GI tract is an example of what type of defense?

A

Microbiological

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10
Q

Toxic oxygen-derived products involved in protecting the host during pathogen elimination

A 
Superoxide O2-
H2O2
O2
hydroxyl radical OH+
hypohalite OCl-
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11
Q

Toxic nitrogen oxides involved in protecting the host during pathogen elimination

A

Nitric oxide NO

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12
Q

Antimicrobial peptides involved in protecting the host during pathogen elimination

A

Defensins

Cationic proteins

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13
Q

Beta-lysine produced by platelets has bactericidal effects against ______ during coagulation

A

Gram + bacteria

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14
Q

Role of lactoferin and transferin

A

Bind Fe++ so bacteria can’t grow

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15
Q

Role of lysozyme

A

digests bacterial cell wall

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16
Q

Role of interferons

A

inhibit infection and replication of VIRUSES

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17
Q

Role of interleukin 1

A

increase temperature during inflammation and induce acute phase proteins (bactericidal)

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18
Q

PMN cells that phagocytose microorganisms

A

neutrophils

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19
Q

Phagocytic cells that ingest microorganisms and infected cells, and can act as Ag presenting cells

A

macrophages

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20
Q

Role of NK and LAK cells

A

kill infected or tumor cells

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21
Q

Cells that participate in eliminating parasites

A

eosinophils

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22
Q

What are the 4 most important cell types in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Natural Killer cells

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23
Q

2 types of granules neutrophils have that are required for the intracellular killing process?

A

Azurophilic and Secondary

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24
Q

Azurophilic granules in neutrophils contain…

A

Defensins - kill bacteria

Enzymes - elastase and cathepsin G - degrade bacterial proteins

Lysozyme - degrades bacterial cell wall

Myeloperoxidase - generation of bactericidal subst.

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25
Q

Secondary granules are only found in mature neutrophils and contain…

A

Lysozyme
Lactoferin
NADPH oxidase - production of toxic radicals

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26
Q

Expression of CD14, CD11b or F4/80 is used to identify what cell?

A

Macrophages

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27
Q

Macrophages contain _____ that kill intracellular pathogens

A

lysosomes

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28
Q

Signals that induce chemotaxis of macrophages toward sight of microbe entry

A

N-formyl-methionine - bacteria
Peptides - coagulative system
Complement
Cytokines - secreted by macrophages

29
Q

4 types of receptors phagocytes use to bind microorganisms

A

Fc
Complement
Scavenger
Toll-like (TLR)

30
Q

Fc regions of ______ bind Fc receptors on ______

A

antibodies, phagocytes

31
Q

What happens when an Ab that is bound to an Ag binds to the Fc receptor on a phagocyte?

A

Phagocytosis begins

*only works if Ab for a certain Ag are already present

32
Q

In complement mediated phagocytosis, C3b binds the ____, then binds its receptor (CR1) on the _____, which leads to activation of phagocytosis.

A

Antigen, Phagocyte

33
Q

_____ receptors sense Ag in the vicinity of macrophages and bind polyamines on their surface to mark them for phagocytosis

A

Scavenger

34
Q

When macrophages bind Ag through their ________ they secrete cytokines in preparation for an ______ reaction.

A

Toll-like Receptors, inflammatory

35
Q

3 main roles of phagocytosis?

A

Detect and destroy. Remove damaged cells and foreign objects.

Induce production of cytokines to initiate inflammatory reactions.

Process and present antigens to induce lymphocytes.

36
Q

Steps of phagocytosis in macrophages

A

Chemotaxis

Detection and Binding of target (release of cytokines)

Endocytosis

Enclosure in the phagosome

Phagosome fuses with lysosome (phagolysosome)

Contents of lysosome are released into phagolysosome to kill target

Digestion of target

37
Q

2 killing pathways in neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes

A

Oxidative - dependent on ROS and RNS

Non-oxidative - dependent on ulysosomes

38
Q

During phagocytosis, the increase in use of oxygen and glucose is called ____ ____.

A

Respiratory Burst

39
Q

In oxygen-dependent intracellular killing, respiratory burst leads to the formation of ____ ____ ____, which are toxic to microorganisms.

A

Reactive Oxygen Species

40
Q

Azurophilic granules contain myeloperoxidase, which uses H2O2 and Cl- to produce the killing agent, _____

A

Hypochlorous acid HClO

41
Q

Superoxide anion (O2-) can interact with Nitric oxide (NO) to produce the RNS ______

A

peroxynitrite

42
Q

Oxidation of NO generates the RNS _____

A

nitrogen dioxide

43
Q

Why is NO not always a beneficial method of killing microorganisms?

A

It is not only harmful to microorganisms, but to the host cell itself, killing everything in the vicinity of the phagocyte. Can cause tissue damage.

44
Q

The non-oxidative intracellular killing pathway is dependent on the toxic substances present in ______

A

Lysosomes

*Ex: peptides, proteins, enzymes

45
Q

Mechanism of action of cationic proteins

A

damage bacterial cell wall

46
Q

Mechanism of action of lysozyme

A

damages mucopeptides in bacterial cell wall

47
Q

Mechanism of action of lactoferrin

A

Binds free Fe++ to inhibit bacterial growth

48
Q

Mechanism of action of proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes

A

digest murdered bacteria

49
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) recognize _____

A

PAMPs

50
Q

5 classes of PRRs

A 
Toll-like receptors TLR
NOD-like receptors NLR
RIG-like receptors RLR
C-type lectin receptors CLR
Peptidoglycan-recognition proteins PRGP
51
Q

What are the major PPRs, located on all host cell membranes or within host cells that signal the presence of invaders?

A

Toll-like receptors

52
Q

TLR3 binds double stranded RNA and targets _____

A

viruses

53
Q

TLR7 and TLR8 bind _____ _____ ___ and target viruses

A

single stranded RNA

54
Q

TLR9 Targets

A

Bacterial DNA and some herpes viruses

55
Q

The endpoint of signaling through TLRs is production of _____ _____

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

56
Q

NOD-like receptors are found _____ the cell and detect pathogens in the _____.

A

inside, cytoplasm

57
Q

NOD1 recognizes _____

NOD2 recognizes______

A

NOD1 - bacterial peptidoglycans

NOD2 - muramyl dipeptides

58
Q

As with TLRs, the endpoint of signaling through NLRs is ______

A

expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines

59
Q

As well as recognizing PAMPs, NLR can also recognize ____

A

DAMPs

60
Q

RIG-like receptors are found in the ______, detect _______ and produce ______

A

cytoplasm, viral RNA, pro-inflammatory cytokines

61
Q

C-type lectin receptors bind ______ and are involved in recognition of _____ pathogens

A

carbohydrates, fungal

62
Q

Peptidoglycan-recognition proteins are located in the large granules in neutrophils in most species, but in the ____ are located in the skin, bone marrow, and intestines.

A

Pig

63
Q

PGRPs detect peptidoglycan on G+ and G- cell walls, and induce production of ______

A

antimicrobial peptides (Defensins)

64
Q

Changes in serum proteins during infection is known as ____ ____ _____

A

Acute phase response (APR)

65
Q

Examples of APR (acute phase response) proteins are

A

complement system proteins

C-reactive proteins (CRP)

66
Q

Most APR proteins are synthesized in the _____

A

Liver

67
Q

Synthesis of APR proteins in the liver is induced by _____ ______

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

68
Q

C-reactive proteins (CRP) bound to the surface of a microbe promote ______ and activate ____ _____ ____.

A

phagocytosis, complement-mediated attack

69
Q

Acute phase response protein that recognizes mannose on microbes, but not vertebrate cells.

A

Mannose-binding lectin

RUSVM Immunology (4 decks)

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