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RUSVM Immunology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Immediate innate immune response time frame

A

0-4 hrs

*can have removal of infectious agents with no symptoms of infection

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2
Q

Early induced innate immune response time frame

A

4-96 hrs

*recognition of PAMPS, inflammation

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3
Q

Adaptive immune response time

A

greater than 96 hrs

*transport of Ag to lymphoid organs

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4
Q

Physical barriers

A

skin, mucus membranes

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5
Q

Humoral barriers

A

Complement system

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6
Q

Cellular barriers

A

Phagocytes, NK cells

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7
Q

Skin, cilia in respiratory tract, peristalsis in GI tract, washing by tears/saliva, and thick mucus are all types of _______ defense

A

Mechanical

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8
Q

Chemical factors in the innate immune response

A

Fatty acids (sweat)

lysozyme and phospholipase (tears/saliva)

low pH (sweat/gastric fluids)

Surfactants (lungs)

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9
Q

Normal flora on the skin and GI tract is an example of what type of defense?

A

Microbiological

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10
Q

Toxic oxygen-derived products involved in protecting the host during pathogen elimination

A 
Superoxide O2-
H2O2
O2
hydroxyl radical OH+
hypohalite OCl-
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11
Q

Toxic nitrogen oxides involved in protecting the host during pathogen elimination

A

Nitric oxide NO

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12
Q

Antimicrobial peptides involved in protecting the host during pathogen elimination

A

Defensins

Cationic proteins

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13
Q

Beta-lysine produced by platelets has bactericidal effects against ______ during coagulation

A

Gram + bacteria

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14
Q

Role of lactoferin and transferin

A

Bind Fe++ so bacteria can’t grow

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15
Q

Role of lysozyme

A

digests bacterial cell wall

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16
Q

Role of interferons

A

inhibit infection and replication of VIRUSES

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17
Q

Role of interleukin 1

A

increase temperature during inflammation and induce acute phase proteins (bactericidal)

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18
Q

PMN cells that phagocytose microorganisms

A

neutrophils

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19
Q

Phagocytic cells that ingest microorganisms and infected cells, and can act as Ag presenting cells

A

macrophages

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20
Q

Role of NK and LAK cells

A

kill infected or tumor cells

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21
Q

Cells that participate in eliminating parasites

A

eosinophils

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22
Q

What are the 4 most important cell types in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Natural Killer cells

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23
Q

2 types of granules neutrophils have that are required for the intracellular killing process?

A

Azurophilic and Secondary

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24
Q

Azurophilic granules in neutrophils contain…

A

Defensins - kill bacteria

Enzymes - elastase and cathepsin G - degrade bacterial proteins

Lysozyme - degrades bacterial cell wall

Myeloperoxidase - generation of bactericidal subst.

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25
Secondary granules are only found in mature neutrophils and contain...
Lysozyme Lactoferin NADPH oxidase - production of toxic radicals
26
Expression of CD14, CD11b or F4/80 is used to identify what cell?
Macrophages
27
Macrophages contain _____ that kill intracellular pathogens
lysosomes
28
Signals that induce chemotaxis of macrophages toward sight of microbe entry
N-formyl-methionine - bacteria Peptides - coagulative system Complement Cytokines - secreted by macrophages
29
4 types of receptors phagocytes use to bind microorganisms
Fc Complement Scavenger Toll-like (TLR)
30
Fc regions of ______ bind Fc receptors on ______
antibodies, phagocytes
31
What happens when an Ab that is bound to an Ag binds to the Fc receptor on a phagocyte?
Phagocytosis begins *only works if Ab for a certain Ag are already present
32
In complement mediated phagocytosis, C3b binds the ____, then binds its receptor (CR1) on the _____, which leads to activation of phagocytosis.
Antigen, Phagocyte
33
_____ receptors sense Ag in the vicinity of macrophages and bind polyamines on their surface to mark them for phagocytosis
Scavenger
34
When macrophages bind Ag through their ________ they secrete cytokines in preparation for an ______ reaction.
Toll-like Receptors, inflammatory
35
3 main roles of phagocytosis?
Detect and destroy. Remove damaged cells and foreign objects. Induce production of cytokines to initiate inflammatory reactions. Process and present antigens to induce lymphocytes.
36
Steps of phagocytosis in macrophages
Chemotaxis Detection and Binding of target (release of cytokines) Endocytosis Enclosure in the phagosome Phagosome fuses with lysosome (phagolysosome) Contents of lysosome are released into phagolysosome to kill target Digestion of target
37
2 killing pathways in neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes
Oxidative - dependent on ROS and RNS Non-oxidative - dependent on ulysosomes
38
During phagocytosis, the increase in use of oxygen and glucose is called ____ ____.
Respiratory Burst
39
In oxygen-dependent intracellular killing, respiratory burst leads to the formation of ____ ____ ____, which are toxic to microorganisms.
Reactive Oxygen Species
40
Azurophilic granules contain myeloperoxidase, which uses H2O2 and Cl- to produce the killing agent, _____
Hypochlorous acid HClO
41
Superoxide anion (O2-) can interact with Nitric oxide (NO) to produce the RNS ______
peroxynitrite
42
Oxidation of NO generates the RNS _____
nitrogen dioxide
43
Why is NO not always a beneficial method of killing microorganisms?
It is not only harmful to microorganisms, but to the host cell itself, killing everything in the vicinity of the phagocyte. Can cause tissue damage.
44
The non-oxidative intracellular killing pathway is dependent on the toxic substances present in ______
Lysosomes *Ex: peptides, proteins, enzymes
45
Mechanism of action of cationic proteins
damage bacterial cell wall
46
Mechanism of action of lysozyme
damages mucopeptides in bacterial cell wall
47
Mechanism of action of lactoferrin
Binds free Fe++ to inhibit bacterial growth
48
Mechanism of action of proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes
digest murdered bacteria
49
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) recognize _____
PAMPs
50
5 classes of PRRs
``` Toll-like receptors TLR NOD-like receptors NLR RIG-like receptors RLR C-type lectin receptors CLR Peptidoglycan-recognition proteins PRGP ```
51
What are the major PPRs, located on all host cell membranes or within host cells that signal the presence of invaders?
Toll-like receptors
52
TLR3 binds double stranded RNA and targets _____
viruses
53
TLR7 and TLR8 bind _____ _____ ___ and target viruses
single stranded RNA
54
TLR9 Targets
Bacterial DNA and some herpes viruses
55
The endpoint of signaling through TLRs is production of _____ _____
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
56
NOD-like receptors are found _____ the cell and detect pathogens in the _____.
inside, cytoplasm
57
NOD1 recognizes _____ | NOD2 recognizes______
NOD1 - bacterial peptidoglycans | NOD2 - muramyl dipeptides
58
As with TLRs, the endpoint of signaling through NLRs is ______
expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines
59
As well as recognizing PAMPs, NLR can also recognize ____
DAMPs
60
RIG-like receptors are found in the ______, detect _______ and produce ______
cytoplasm, viral RNA, pro-inflammatory cytokines
61
C-type lectin receptors bind ______ and are involved in recognition of _____ pathogens
carbohydrates, fungal
62
Peptidoglycan-recognition proteins are located in the large granules in neutrophils in most species, but in the ____ are located in the skin, bone marrow, and intestines.
Pig
63
PGRPs detect peptidoglycan on G+ and G- cell walls, and induce production of ______
antimicrobial peptides (Defensins)
64
Changes in serum proteins during infection is known as ____ ____ _____
Acute phase response (APR)
65
Examples of APR (acute phase response) proteins are
complement system proteins | C-reactive proteins (CRP)
66
Most APR proteins are synthesized in the _____
Liver
67
Synthesis of APR proteins in the liver is induced by _____ ______
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
68
C-reactive proteins (CRP) bound to the surface of a microbe promote ______ and activate ____ _____ ____.
phagocytosis, complement-mediated attack
69
Acute phase response protein that recognizes mannose on microbes, but not vertebrate cells.
Mannose-binding lectin

RUSVM Immunology (4 decks)

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