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RUSVM Immunology > Cells and Organs of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells and Organs of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense?

A
  1. Skin, MM, chemicals (innate)
  2. Phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever (innate)
  3. Lymphocytes, antibodies (adaptive)
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2
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes

A

WBC with cytoplasmic granules
produced in bone marrow
classified based on H&E stain

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3
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

Basophils (granules stain dark blue)
Eosinophils (granules stain red)
Neutrophils (granules stain neutral pink)

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4
Q

Characteristics of basophils

A

Defend against parasites
Allergic/inflammatory reactions
Toxic granules
Express adhesion molecules (LFA-1, Mac-1, CD44)

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5
Q

Characteristics of eosinophils

A

Defend against parasites - kill Ab coated parasites

Allergic reactions

Respond to chemokines secreted by neutrophils/lymphocytes

Toxic granules

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6
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils

A 
Most numerous innate immune cell
Band-shaped nucleus when immature
Segmented nucleus when mature
Circulate in blood
Phagocytosis and degradation
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7
Q

What can a high ANC (absolute neutrophil count) indicate?

*Neutrophilia

A

Kidney failure or bacterial infection

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8
Q

What can a low ANC indicate?

*Neutropenia

A

Leukemia or bone marrow damage

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9
Q

Similar to basophilic leukocytes, _____ are generated in the bone marrow and have CD34+ precursor cells.

A

Mast cells

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10
Q

Two types of mast cells

A

CT mast cell - local allergic reactions

Mucosal - In areas of body exposed to external env (Lungs, digestive tract, mouth, nose)

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11
Q

Activated function of mast cells

A

Release granules containing histamine - mediate allergic reactions

Defend against parasites

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12
Q

Monocytes vs macrophages location

A

Monocytes - in blood

Macrophages - in tissue

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13
Q

Function of macrophages/monocytes

A

Phagocytosis and Ag presentation

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14
Q

Examples of tissue-specific macrophages

A

Bone - osteoclasts
Nervous - microglial cells
Liver - Kupffer cells
Histiocytes

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15
Q

Do macrophages always create an immune response while functional?

A

No, they also perform housekeeping functions such as recycling dead RBCs

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16
Q

Which cells recognize and kill virus-infected or tumor cells, and have features of both innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Natural Killer cells

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17
Q

What do the granules of the natural killer cells do?

A

Proteins form holes in the target cell and cause apoptosis

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18
Q

How do natural killer cells regulate the immune response?

A

Activate dendritic cells, T-cells, and macrophages

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19
Q

______ are specialized sentinel cells that move around and respond to their environment, presenting Ag to T cells.

A

Dendritic cells

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20
Q

Which immune cells promote self-tolerance?

A

Dendritic cells

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21
Q

What is special about plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs)?

A

Have the ability to secrete large amounts of type 1 interferons upon activation through TLR7 and TLR9

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22
Q

Which lymphocytes are part of the humoral immune response, mature in the bone marrow, bind Ag and generate Ab?

A

B lymphocytes

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23
Q

3 major roles of antibodies

A

neutralization - bind virulence factors, pathogen cannot infect host cells

opsonization - (covers patho)- alerts neutrophils and macrophages to engulf and digest pathogen

complement activation - directly destroy or lyse pathogens. MAC.

24
Q

Which lymphocytes mature in the thymus, are part of the cellular immune response?

A

T lymphocytes

25
Q

2 categories of T cells

A

CD8+ - cytotoxic - kill infected or cancer cells

CD4+ - Helper T - (Th1, Th2, Th17, tregs)

26
Q

Function of Th1 cells

A

coordinate immune responses against intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa)

produce and secrete cytokines to activate macrophages

27
Q

Function of Th2 cells

A

Coordinate immune response against extracellular pathogens (helminths)

Alert B cells, granulocytes and mast cells

28
Q

Function of Th17 cells

A

produce interleukin 17, activating immune and non-immune cells

protect surfaces (skin, gut) against extracellular bacteria

recruit neutrophils and CDT+8 cytotoxic cells

summon immune strike against cancer

29
Q

What do Tregs (regulatory T cells) do?

A

Monitor and inhibit activity of other T cells via inhibitory cytokines

30
Q

Molecules that activate receptors and may be free-floating or membrane-bound

A

Ligands

31
Q

Immune cells can dispatch specific instructions by altering the expression and density of what 2 things?

A

receptors and ligands

32
Q

Small proteins involved in cell growth, activation, etc

A

cytokines

33
Q

Function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A

expressed on innate immune cells (macrophages and dendritic cells)

recognize microbial patterns, essential for innate immune cell activation and inflammatory responses

34
Q

BCRs and TCRs recognize…

A

foreign antigens

35
Q

C3a and C5 (complement) are chemoattractants that recruit what type of cell to inflammatory sites?

A

neutrophils

36
Q

Areas of lymphoid production in fetus

A

yolk sac
fetal liver
omentum

37
Q

Primary lymphoid organs (development)

A

bone marrow
thymus
Bursa of Fabricius

38
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs (response)

A

speen
lymph nodes
Peyer’s patches
non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue

39
Q

While T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, B lymphocytes can mature in what places depending on species?

A

Bursa- birds
Bone marrow- primates and rodents
Intestinal lymphoid tissue- rabbits, dogs, pigs

40
Q

Which part of the thymus contains most of the thymocytes?

A

cortex

41
Q

What are thymosins, thymopoietins, thymulin, and thymostimulins?

A

thymic hormones that work with cytokines to regulate maturation of T lymphocytes in the thymus

42
Q

While maturing in the thymus, which thymocytes will be destroyed via apoptosis?

A

Thymocytes with receptors that bind strongly to self-antigens

Thymocytes that cannot bind MHC II molecules

43
Q

Where is the Bursa of Fabricius found?

A

In birds only, before the cloaca. Each follicle has cortex and medulla. Cortex contains lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages.

44
Q

Function of Bursa of Fabricius

A

Maturation and differentiation of Ab forming cells

Neg and Pos selection of B lymphocytes

45
Q

Development timing of secondary lymphoid organs (capsulated and non-capsulated)

A

Develop late in fetal life
Persist into adult life

*surgical removal does not impair immune capability

46
Q

Function of secondary lymphoid organs

A

DC’s trap and process Ag, and present them to lymphocytes

47
Q

Things to know about lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph to trap Ag

Cortex contains B lymphocytes in germinal centers

Paracortex contains T cells and DCs

48
Q

In what direction do afferent and efferent lymph vessels flow?

A

Afferent - into the node (carries lymphocytes, DCs and Ag)

Efferent - out of node

49
Q

What is the principle function of lymph nodes?

A

Facilitate interaction between DCs and B/T lymphocytes. (so B and T cells find the correct antigen they were meant to react to)

50
Q

2 types of tissue in the spleen

A

Red pulp - blood filtering and RBC storage

White pulp - lymphocytes, immune induction

51
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

Filters blood for pathogens, debris, old blood cells

Stores RBCs, platelets

Recycles Fe++

52
Q

Peyer’s Patches in the ileum are PRIMARY lymphoid organs (B cell development) in which species?

*secondary in other species

A

Ruminants
Pigs
Dogs
Rabbits

53
Q

Function of M cells covering Peyer’s Patches

A

Sample Ag from the intestine and pass them into the germinal center so B lymphocytes can react

54
Q

Peyer’s Patches undergo involution EXCEPT in these 2 species:

A

Rabbits and rodents

55
Q

These non-encapsulated lymphoid aggregates line the mucosal surfaces of the body and make up a large portion of total lymphoid tissue

A

MALT

GALT - gastrointestinal
BALT - bronchial
NALT - nasal
CALT - conjunctiva

56
Q

What is the best known mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue?

A

GALT

inductive site of intestinal immune response
effector site of intestinal immune response

57
Q

What’s up with Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)?

A

Cells that are of lymphoid origin but function as innate immune cells.

Don’t have BCR or TCR

Secrete high conc of cytokines

Localized to mucosal surfaces

3 groups

RUSVM Immunology (4 decks)

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