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RUSVM Immunology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Defense reaction of living tissue against damage, aimed at removing the cause of injury and repairing the tissue

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of ______ in the injured tissue

A

macrophages

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3
Q

Exogenous causes of inflammation

A

Physical - mechanical or thermal agents
Chemical - gases, acids
Biological - bacteria, viruses, parsites

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4
Q

Endogenous causes of inflammation

A

Circulation - thrombosis, infarction, hemorrhage

Metabolic - uric acid, urea

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5
Q

What are the hallmark signs of inflammation?

A 
CALOR - heat
RUBOR - redness
TUMOR - swelling
DOLOR - pain
FUNCTIO LAESA - loss of function
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6
Q

Stages in the development of inflammation

A

Vasodilation increases the temperature (calor/heat)

Large volume of blood in the area causes hyperaemia (rubor/redness)

Vascular permeability causes leakage of fluids and leads to edema (tumor/swelling)

Leukocytes extravasate, phagocytose pathogens, and release mediators which may induce pain (dolor)

Injured tissue is usually eliminated from normal function (functio laesa)

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7
Q

Mediators of inflammation (7)

A 
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Complement components
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Vasoactive amines
Platelet activating factor
Plasma proteases
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8
Q

TNFa, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 are all ______ ______ released within the first minutes after injury

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines

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9
Q

Cytokines that induce fever and stress hormone production

A

TNFa (tumor necrosis factor alpha)

IL-1 (interleukin-1)

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10
Q

IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 are responsible for

A

promoting chemotaxis
inducing extravasation of granulocytes
degranulation of neutrophils

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11
Q

Complement components that increase vascular permeability and stimulate chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

A

C3a and C5a

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12
Q

_______ contribute to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain, and fever during inflammation.

A

Prostaglandins

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13
Q

LTB4, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 are all

A

leukotrienes

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14
Q

Leukotrienes that induce smooth muscle contraction

A

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

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15
Q

Leukotriene that functions as a chemoattractant of neutrophils

A

LTB4

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16
Q

2 vasoactive amines

A

histamine and serotonin

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17
Q

Functions of vasoactive amines

A

dilation and increased permeability of capillaries

18
Q

Functions of platelet activating factor (PAF)

A

induce platelet aggregation
activate neutrophils
attract eosinophils
efflux of plasma proteins = edema

19
Q

Plasma proteases that increase capillary permeability and are the main mediators of pain

A

Kinins (bradykinin)

20
Q

2 important stages/responses of inflammation

A

vascular and cellular

21
Q

Steps in the vascular response of inflammation

A

I: Vasoconstriction
II: Active vasodilation (rubor and calor)
III: Passive vasodilation (tumor)

22
Q

Sequence of events in the cellular response of inflammation

A

Chemotaxis
Rolling
Migration
Phagocytosis

23
Q

The first cells to arrive at the sight of injury are cells of the _____ immunity, such as granulocytes, monocytes, and natural killer cells.

A

innate

24
Q

Immune cells have to use _____ to get from the vasculature into the tissues to respond to injury.

A

CAM: cell adhesion molecules

25
Q

4 types of CAM

A

Selectins
Mucins
Integrins
Ig-superfamily CAM

26
Q

CAMs that bind carbohydrate moieties and are responsible for leukocyte interaction with the endothelium during the initial phase of inflammation.

A

Selectins

27
Q

Important Selectins

A 
Selectin E (CD62E)
Selectin L (CD62L)
Selectin P (CD62P)
28
Q

Selectin expressed on leukocytes

A

Selectin L (CD62L)

29
Q

Selectins expressed on endothelium during inflammation

A

Selectin P (CD62P) - contained in granules in endothelial cells

Selectin E (CD62E) - synthesized following stimulation by cytokines

30
Q

Heavily glycosylated, serine and threonine rich CAM proteins that bond to selectins

A

Mucins

31
Q

Mucin on endothelial cells that binds to CD62L on leukocytes

A

CD34

32
Q

Mucin on neutrophils that binds to Selectin E and P on endothelial cells

A

PSGL-1

33
Q

Heterodimeric CAM proteins that have a and b chains that form a binding site for Ig-superfamily

A

Integrins

34
Q

Leukocytes express integrins with ___ chains

A

B2 (CD18)

35
Q

Deficiency in B2 integrin leads to what disease?

A

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)

*autosomal recessive immunodeficiency

36
Q

How do symptoms of LAD manifest?

A

Recurrent bacterial infections. Neutrophils are unable to extravasate.

37
Q

CAMs of the _______ are expressed on endothelial cells and bind to integrins.

A

Ig-superfamily

38
Q

MAdCAM-1 is responsible for

A

migration of leukocytes to the mucosa

39
Q

If CAMs such as CD62L (selectin) and CD18 (integrin) are non functional, what will happen to the immune cells?

A

Won’t be able to extravasate into the tissues

40
Q

Stimulation of the endothelial cells in the initial phase of inflammation, which leads to increased expression of CAMs is known as…

A

endothelial cell activation

41
Q

4 phases of extravasation of leukocytes

A

Rolling
Activation
Arrest/adhesion
Transendothelial migration

RUSVM Immunology (4 decks)

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