Innate immunity

Question 1

Neutrophils crossing activated vascular epithelium

Answer 1

Glycam-1 and CD34 (addressins) on neutrophils bind P-selectin or E-selectin on vascular epithelial cells, the neutrophils roll
LFA-1 on neutraphil binds iCAM
PECAM-1 (CD31) binds PECAM-1 and neutraphil enters between tight junctions

Question 2

Phagocyte killing of microbes (oxidative burst)

Answer 2

axurophillic granules with antimicrobial properties bind
NADPH oxidase produces superoxide radicals which are later converted to H2O2
fusion of phagosome with lysosome and release of acid hydrolyses
increase in O2 consumption during this process

Question 3

NETs

Answer 3

neutraphils undergo NETosis and expel their genome in undigested form so that it creates a web that entraps pathogens

Question 4

endocytic PRRs

Answer 4

recognize carbohydrates and they promote phagocytosis

non-signaling

Question 5

signling PRRs

Answer 5

Toll-like receptors(extracellular)
Nod-like receptors (intracellular-for bacterial RNA)
Rig-like receptors (intracellular-for viral RNA)

Question 6

TLR2/6

Answer 6

recognize lipoteichoic acid and zymosan

Question 7

TLR3

Answer 7

bind double stranded viral RNA

Question 8

TLR4

Answer 8

recognizes LPS

Question 9

TLR7/8

Answer 9

bind single stranded viral RNA

Question 10

secreated PRRs

Answer 10

MBL, C-reactive protein, produced during acute phase response

Question 11

cytokines produced by macrophages

Answer 11

IL1
IL6
TNF-alpha
IL8(CXCL8)
IL12

Question 12

IL1

Answer 12

fever

IL6

Question 13

IL6

Answer 13

produced by macrophages of liver
fever
production of recreated PRRs by hepatocytes
activate vascular epithelium

Question 14

TNF-alpha

Answer 14

fever
activate vascular epithelium
contains localized infections by preventing dissemination via blood, increase platelet adhesion

Question 15

CXCLA (il8)

Answer 15

neutrophil chemotactant

Question 16

IL-12

Answer 16

activates NK cells

Question 17

acute phase response cytokines

Answer 17

il1, il6, tnfalpha

Question 18

B1B cells

Answer 18

respond to T-independent type 2 antigens
cells can be induced to produce antibody (primarily IgM, with some programmed class-switching to IgG), but they do not clonally expand, undergo affinity maturation, and never class switch to any isotypes other than IgG
a truly innate cell type and every exposure of a single host to any pathogen that “activates” these cells will result in an identical B1 B cell response 
found in secondary lymphoid tissues

Question 19

3 effects of viral production of IFN-alpha and beta

Answer 19

1. Induces a state of heightened resistance to viral infection and viral replication in all cells
2. Induces increased expression of MHC class I and other ligands for the inhibitory receptors on NK cells
3. Activation of NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

Question 20

T/F When cell is infected it unregulated IFN-alpha and beta which binds to adjacent cells making them harder for viruses to infect and also causing them to up regulate MHC class 1

Answer 20

true