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MBIO > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

body’s ability to resist disease

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2
Q

innate

A

non specific

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3
Q

adaptive

A

acquired and specific

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4
Q

innate resistance to infection

A
  • protect humans from most infectious diseases
  • natural host resistance
  • infection site and tissue specificity
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5
Q

-protect humans from most infectious disease

A
  • exists at birth and always present
  • natural host resistance (no memory)
  • can be specific for tissue
  • chemical and physical barriers, special immune system cells, physiological processes and molecular defences
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6
Q

natural host resistance

A

susceptibility to pathogens varies from species to species

-ex anthrax: fatal blood infection in cattles vs cutaneous in humans

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7
Q

infection site and tissue specificity

A
  • pathogens prefer a specific body site to initiate infection
  • nutritional and metabolic needs
  • eg. colstridium tetani: ingested vs deep wounds
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8
Q

physical and chemical barriers

A 
mucous membranes
skin
respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract 
genitourinary tract
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9
Q

genitourinary tract

A
  • urine-metabolic waste products, toxic to many microbes
  • flushing action-mechanical removal of mircboes
  • normal microbiota
  • ex. vaginal epithelial cells produce glycogen
  • lactobacillus acidophilus ferments the ferments the flucose to lactice acid
  • pH~3-5
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10
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

stomach
small intestine
large intsetine

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11
Q

stomach

A
  • strong acidity (pH~2)
  • proteolytic enzymes
  • destroys most microbes
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12
Q

small intestine

A
  • rapid change in pH
  • pancreatic enzymes
  • bile
  • destroy microbes
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13
Q

large intestine

A

the normal microbiota

  • microbes that already reside in and on the human body
  • take up attachement sites
  • limit available nutrients
  • make antimicrobial compounds
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14
Q

respiratory tract

A
  • the mucocilliary escalator
  • ciliated cells line the mucous membranes of the airways
  • sweeping action moves mucous and microbes away from the lungs
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15
Q

mucous membranes

A
  • mucous traps microbes
  • contains antimicrobial secretions
    ex.
  • lysozyme-cuts B-1,4 glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan
  • defensins-antimicrobial peptides that poke holes in bacterial cell membranes
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16
Q

skin

A
  • prevents invasion by microbes
  • protective protein-keratin
  • slightly acidic ~pH 5
  • high [NaCl]- periodic drying
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17
Q

the lymphatic system

A

a collection of tissues that bring specialized cells (lymphocytes) into contact with foreign material (antigens)

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18
Q

lymphatic system is made up of

A

lymphoid organs and lymph vessels that carry fluid (lymph)

  • similar to blood containing white blood cells (leukocytes)
  • but without red blood cells
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19
Q

lymphoid organs

A
  • primary lymphoid organs
  • secondary lymphoid organs
  • mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
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20
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow and thymus- leukocytes are produces and mature

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21
Q

secondary associated lymphoid organs

A
  • lymph nodes, spleen, MALT

- contains leukocytes arranged to filter out microbes and antigens

22
Q

MALT

A

leukocytes constantly sample their surroundings by phagocytosis looking for foreign material

23
Q

leukocytes (white blood cells)

A
  • cells that circulate in the blood and lymph, and reside in lymphoid organs
  • involved in both branches of the immune response (innate and adaptive)
24
Q

three types of leukocytes

A
  1. granulocytes
  2. monocytes
  3. lymphocytes
25
Q

granulocytes

A

-cytoplasm contains granules filled with reactive chemicals
-can kill microbes
-signal other components of immunity
3 types:
basophils and mast cells
eosinophils
neutrophils

26
Q

monocytes

A

-circulate in the blood and then migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
-strongly phagocytic cells involved in antigen presentation
2 types:
macrophages
dendritic cells

27
Q

lymphocytes

A

-specialized leukocytes involved primarily in the adaptive immune response
-circulate through the blood and reside in lymphoid organs
3 types :
1. B lymphocytes (B cells)
2. T lymphocytes (T cells)
3. Natural Killer cells (NK cells)

28
Q

basophils and mast cells

A
  • granules stain with basic dyes
  • non phagocytic
  • circulate in blood (basophils) or reside in mucosal tissue (mast cells)
  • can be triggered to degranulate
  • release vasoactive mediators
  • trigger inflammation
    ex. histamine-involved in the allergic response
29
Q

eosinophils

A
  • granules stain with acidic dyes
  • non phagocytic
  • can leave the blood and enter tissues in areas of inflammation
  • attck large parasites: protozoa and parasitic worms
  • release reactive oxygen intermediates:
  • O2-, H2O2, OH*
  • destroy parasite from the outside
30
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • granules are filled with digestive enzymes: lysozyme and defensins
  • circulate in blood and migrate to infection sites
  • highly phagocytic-“eat” invading bacteria
  • central component of innate immunity
31
Q

macrophages

A
  • reside in tissues- lungs, liver, spleen. connective tissues
  • specific surface molecules recognize pathogens-Toll-like receptors:
  • LPS, peptidoglycan, fungal cell walls etc.
  • induces phagocytosis
32
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • reside in tissues that serve as common entry points for pathogens
  • skin- “langerhan’s cells”
  • mucous membranes of the nose, lungs and intestines
  • constantly sample surroundings by phagocytosis
  • migrate to lymphoid organs
  • they then present foreign antigens on their surface to B ant T lymphocytes - trigger the specific (adaptive) immune response
33
Q

B lymphocytes

A

b cells

  • antibody producing cells
  • involved in the humoral immune response
34
Q

T lymphocytes

A

T cells

-involved in the cell mediated immune response

35
Q

natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

-destroy abnormal body cells:
cancer cells
celles infected by bacteria or viruses

36
Q

leukocytes: recap

granulocytes

A

basophils/ mast cells
eosinophils
neutrophils

37
Q

leukocytes: recap

agranulocytes

A

monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
lymphocytes (Band T lymphocytes, NK cells)

38
Q

innate immunity

A

-the innate ability to destroy a pathogen that has never been encountered before

39
Q

innate immunity involves phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) that recognize…

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

  • lipopolysaccharide
  • lipoteichoic acid
  • flagellin
40
Q

phagocytes have …

A

toll-like receptors (pattern recognition receptors or PRRs)

  • interacts with a PAMP
  • triggers phagocytosis
  • binding by phagocyte PRR activates phagocytosis to kill pathogen
41
Q

innate response mechanism: phagocytosis

A
  • Phagocytes engulf and destroy invading microbes
  • engulfs it into a phagosome
  • fuses with a lysosome to form a phgolysosome
42
Q

phagosomes are filled with

A
  • lysozyme and defensins
  • proteases
  • lipases
  • nuclease
  • oxygen independent killing
43
Q

proteases

A

degrade proteins

44
Q

lipases

A

degrade phospholipids

45
Q

nuclease

A

degrade nucleic acids

46
Q

oxygen independent killing

A
  • activated phagocytes produce reactive oxygen compounds:
  • H2O2, O2-, OH,HOCI,NO
  • kill ingested microbes by oxidizing cell components
47
Q

once invaders have been killed by phagocytosis

A
  • neutrophils perform exocytosis
  • fragments are expelled from the cell
  • macrophages and dendritic cells become antigen presenting cells
  • fragments of the cell surface to trigger an adaptive immune response
48
Q

inflammation

A

-general, non-specific reaction to pathogens, toxins or tissue damage

49
Q

five cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
redness
warmth
pain
swelling
loss of function
50
Q

pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

in response to infection, injured tissue and leukocytes release pro-inflammatory cytokines

  • blood vessels dilate
  • brings more leukocytes to the area
  • vessel walls become permeable
  • leukocytes can squeeze into tissues -extravasation
  • attack invading pathogens
  • temperature increase may slow the growth of pathogens
  • blood leaking into tissue spaces can clot
  • prevents movement of pathogens

MBIO (9 decks)

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