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MBIO > Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive (acquired, specific) immune response

A
  • acts against a specific intruder
  • acquired when a pathogen is encountered for the first time
  • has memory:
  • responds more vigorously the second time a particular pathogen is encountered
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2
Q

adaptive is divided into two branches

A
  • humoral (antibody mediated) immunity

- cellular (cell mediated) immunity

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3
Q

antibodies are also called (Ab)

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

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4
Q

glycoproteins are composed of 4 subunits

A
  • 2 identical heavy chains

- 2 identical light chains

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5
Q

each antibody has..

A
  • 2 identical antigen binding sites (Fab)

- one Fc site- can interact with other components o the immune system

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6
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
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7
Q

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

A
  • monomer
  • most abundant antibody in blood and tissues
  • most important for combating a pathogen
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8
Q

IgM

A
  • a pentamer
  • first antibody made when a new antigen is encountered
  • excellent at agglutination
  • does not leave blood and enter tissues
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9
Q

IgA

A
  • a dimer
  • secreted into saliva, tears, mucous
  • helps to protect mucosal surfaces
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10
Q

IgD

A
  • monomer
  • found on the surface of B cells
  • plays a role in activating B cells to respond against an antigen
  • diamond antigens instead of triangle
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11
Q

IgE

A
  • monomer
  • found on the surface of mast cells and basophils
  • causes them to release granules of histamine
  • trigers allergic response
  • extra long light chains
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12
Q

five major functions of antibodies

A
  1. neutralization
  2. opsonization
  3. agglutination
  4. antibody mediated cytotoxicity
  5. complement activation
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13
Q

neutralization

A
  • Ab stick to antigens on a foreign particle and block attachment sites
  • stops bacteria, viruses and toxins from entering host cells
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14
Q

Opsonization

A
  • Ab stick to a pathogen’s surface and flag down phagocytes
  • phagocyte interacts with the Fc region and engulfs the pathogen
  • greatly increases rate of phagocytosis
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15
Q

Agglutination

A
  • Ab can stick to two identical antigens
  • bridges particles together in clumps
  • can be phagocytized more easily
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16
Q

antibody mediated cytotoxicity

A
  • Ab binds to antigen on the surface of a parasite
  • Fc can interact with eosinophils
  • eosinophils release enzymes and reactive oxygen intermediates to attack the parasite
17
Q

Complement activation

A
  • Ab found to a bacterial cell can activate complement
  • A set of proteins in the blood that assist other components of the immune system
  • classical pathways of complement activation
  • results in the membrane attack complex (MAC)
  • insert into bacterial membranes
  • forms a pore
  • cell leaks and dies
18
Q

adaptive response properties

A
  • acquired
  • specific
  • memory
  • tolerance
19
Q

acquired

A

-a pathogen must be encountered before the adaptive immune response is mounted

20
Q

specific

A

can mount a directed attack against a specific pathogen

-immunity to one pathogen does not confer immunity to another

21
Q

memory

A

once a specific pathogen has ben encountered immune system cells multiply and produces long living memory cells
-if the pathogen is encountered again, the memory cells will mount a faster, stronger response

22
Q

tolerance

A
  • inability to mount an adaptive immune response against self antigens
  • immune system cells that recognize self-antigens are destroyed during development
23
Q

primary response

A
  • the first time a new pathogen is encountered, the adaptive immune response is weak
  • the major result is the production of immunologic memory
24
Q

secondary respond

A

the next time that pathogen is encountered memory cells are ready to respond

  • response can be so quick that the pathogen is unable to cause disease
    ie. immunity
25
Q

immunogen

A

any foreign particle that can induce an adaptive immune response
-normally large molecules- proteins, polysaccharides, some lipids

26
Q

antigen

A

any substance that can react with antibodies or receptors on adaptive immune system cells

27
Q

antibody

A

protein made by the immune system that can bind to, and inactivate foreign antigens

28
Q

epitiope

A

(or antigenic determinant)

  • the actual part of the antigen that can bind to an antibody
  • the more epitopes on an antigen, the more immunogenic it will be
  • and the more diverse population of antibodies can be generated against it
29
Q

hapten

A

low molecular weight compound too small to be immunogenic on its own, but can be highly antigenic

30
Q

hapten example

A

penicillin is small and non-immunogenic on tis own

  • can bind to proteins in the blood forming a strong immunogen
  • antibodies are formed against it-leading to an allergic response
31
Q

cells of the adaptive immune system

A
  • b lymphocytes (B cells)

- T lymphocytes (T cells)

32
Q

B cells

A
  • antibody producing cells

- involved in the humoral immune response

33
Q

T cells

A
  • T-cytotoxic cells (Tc cells)

- T-helper cells (Th cells)

34
Q

Tc cells

A
  • destroy abnormal body cells (ex. cells infected by viruses)
  • involved in cel mediated response
35
Q

Th cells

A

Help B and Tc cells prepare for an immune response

-humoral and cell mediated

MBIO (9 decks)

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