Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 2 CTB > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any molecule that is capable of inducing an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the innate immune system in terms of response speed, recognition of threats, antigen presentation, clonal selection, and immunological memory.

A

Immediate response

Recognises certain threats

No antigen presentation

No clonal selection

No immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the adaptive immune system in terms of response speed, recognition of threats, antigen presentation, clonal selection, and immunological memory.

A

Delayed response

Recognises all threats

Antigen presentation

Clonal selection

Immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Relatively poor regulation of response in the innate immune system can compromise the system’s ability to distinguish between what? What does this increase the risk of?

A

Distinguish between harmful and harmless agents, increasing the risk of self-targeted damage and autoimmunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the 3 broad components of the innate immune system.

A

Physical barriers

Leukocytes

Plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name a glycoprotein found in the mucus of interior epithelial surfaces and how it helps prevent disease.

A

Mucins – which prevents pathogens from adhering and facilitates their clearance by cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name a peptide found in mucus and how it helps prevent disease.

A

Defensins – which kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 common progenitor cell types that come from the multipotent haemopoietic progenitor?

A

Common lymphoid progenitor + common myeloid progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor cells give rise primarily to cells of which branch of the immune system?

A

Adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Common myeloid progenitor cells give rise primarily to cells of which branch of the immune system?

A

Innate immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which cells that originate from the common lymphoid progenitor are actually part of the innate immune system?

A

Natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give the 4 main cell types of the common myeloid progenitor cells.

A

Granulocytes

Monocytes

Megakaryocytes

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which 4 cells comprise the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which 2 cell types do monocytes differentiate into once they enter tissues?

A

Macrophages + dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do megakaryocytes produce?

A

Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes in circulation?

A

4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which 3 cell types of the innate immune system are capable of phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

Neutrophils

17
Q

How do macrophages and dendritic cells also link to the adaptive immune response?

A

They process and present antigens to T-cells for the adaptive immune response

18
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis.

A

Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte.

Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte.

Formation of a phagosome.

Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome.

Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes.

Formation of residual body containing indigestible material.

Discharge of waste materials.

19
Q

Other than degradative enzymes, how else does phagocytosis kill microbes? What is this process known as?

A

Oxidative burst – in which cells such as macrophages and neutrophils produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are unstable molecules such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions that damage microbial proteins, lipids, and DNA

20
Q

Where in the body do antigen-presenting dendritic cells come into contact with T-cells to activate the adaptive immune response?

A

Lymph nodes

21
Q

Eosinophils are most important in defence against what?

A

Parasites

22
Q

Describe the shape of neutrophil nuclei.

A

Multi-lobed

23
Q

Describe the colour staining of eosinophils and the shape of their nuclei.

A

Pink

Bi-lobed

24
Q

What do NK cells kill?

A

Virally infected or malignant cells

25
Q

Describe how NK cells kill cells.

A

They release cytotoxic granules containing perforin which forms pores in the target cell’s membrane, creating entry points for granzymes - enzymes which trigger apoptosis

26
Q

What does PAMPs and PRRs stand for?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Pattern recognition receptors

27
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Molecular structures found on pathogens that are not normally present in the host

28
Q

What are PRRs?

A

Receptors found on the surface of immune cells which recognize and bind to PAMPs

29
Q

What is the prototypical example of PAMPs?

A

Lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

30
Q

What are cytokines? Give 2 examples.

A

Small protein signalling molecules

Interleukins + interferons

31
Q

What are acute phase proteins? Give 2 examples.

A

Humoral factors that are up-regulated or down-regulated in response to inflammation

C-reactive protein (CRP) + complement factors

32
Q

Which process does CRP induce which helps remove pathogens?

A

Opsonization – CRP binds to pathogens, labelling them for phagocytosis

33
Q

Which branch of the immune system is the complement system part of?

A

Part of the innate immune system but with links to the adaptive immune system

34
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system?

A

Classical

Alternative

Lectin

35
Q

What is the key step in the complement system, where all the prior reactions converge?

A

Cleavage of inactive C3 protein into active C3a and C3b fragments

36
Q

What is the effect of active C3a and how does this help destroy pathogens?

A

Inflammation – release of inflammatory mediators attracts immune cells to the site of infection

37
Q

What is the effect of active C3b?

A

Opsonization

38
Q

What does the complement cascade form which helps to destroy pathogens?

A

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) which insert themselves into the membrane of pathogens, creating pores that cause the pathogen to burst (lysis)

39
Q

Describe the classical complement pathway.

A

The classical pathway is part of the adaptive immune response. The binding of an antibody (IgM or IgG) to its antigen activates the first protein in the complement system, C1, which initiates a protein cleavage cascade

40
Q

Describe the alternative complement pathway.

A

Direct interaction and binding of C3 with pathogens promotes C3 cleavage

41
Q

Describe the lectin complement pathway.

A

Mannose-binding lectin binds to mannose on the surface of pathogens and initiates a protein cleavage cascade

Block 2 CTB (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions