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Immunology > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Does innate immunity require prior exposure to Ag?

A

Nope

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2
Q

What are 4 types of innate immunity?

A

Physiological barriers
-> Temperature, low pH

Physical barriers
-> Skin, mucous membrane

Cellular factors
-> Macrophages, neutrophils

Humoral factors
-> Complements, acute phase proteins

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3
Q

What are the 2 factors released when there is tissue damage?

A

Vasoactive factor
Chemotactic factors

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4
Q

What does vasoactive factor do?

A

Increase capillaries membrane permeability
Increase blood flow to affected area

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5
Q

What does chemotactic factor do?

A

Attracts cells ( e.g. neutrophils & monocytes ) to area where it is released ( e.g. Area of tissue damage )

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6
Q

What are 4 types of intracellular killing?

A

Phagocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Autophagy

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7
Q

What is NETs / NETosis? (Neutrophil extracellular traps)

A

Neutrophil throws its own DNA out
-> Lysosome attached to DNA neutralizes target pathogen
- -> Might affect nearby friendly cells

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8
Q

Does dog / cat has a lot of kupffer cell / lung macrophage?

A

Dog
-> Kupffer cell ( Liver )

Cat
-> Lung macrophage

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9
Q

What are 3 types of oxygen independent killing?

A

Lytic enzymes
Antimicrobial peptides
-> Defensins
TNF

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10
Q

What are 2 types of oxygen dependent killing

A

ROS
-> O2-
RNS
-> NO

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11
Q

Which of the following is essential for producing ROS for antimicrobial usage?

ATP
NADH
NADPH
GTP

A

NADPH

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12
Q

Where can NADPH be found for aiding in the production of ROS?

A

Membrane

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13
Q

Which of the following are essential for RNS production?

NOS2
iNOS
iPhone
NOSE

A

NOS2
iNOS

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14
Q

Where is iNOS found?

A

cytosol

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15
Q

Which of the following a.a. is essential for RNS production?

Alanine
Arginine
Lysine
Tyrosine

A

Arginine

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16
Q

What is the difference between M1 and M2 macrophage?

A

M1
-> early inflammatory
-> produces RNS
-> MHC - 2 expression

M2
-> late inflammatory
-> tissue repair
-> increased MHC - 2 expression

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17
Q

Which lymphocyte peforms innate defensive mechanism?

A

NK cell

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18
Q

Which are the 2 signature cell that does intracellular killing / extracellular killing?

A

Intracellular killing
-> Macrophage
-> Neutrophil

Extracellular killing
-> NK cell
-> Eosinophil

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19
Q

What are the 3 humoral factors?

A

Complement
Acute phase protein
Interferon

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20
Q

What are the 3 functions of complements?

A

Cell lysis
Opsonization
Chemotaxis
-> Neutrophil
-> Eosinophil

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21
Q

What is the definition of acute phase protein?

A

Protein synthesized in liver
-> response to inflammatory

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22
Q

What are 2 acute phase protein that can activate complements?

A

CRP
-> C - reactive protein

MBL
-> Mannose - binding lectin

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23
Q

What are 3 types of interferon ( IFN )?

A

IFN - alpha
IFN - beta
IFN - gamma

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24
Q

What cells releases IFN - gamma?

A

NK cell
Th1
Tc

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25
Q

What are 4 categories of molecules that connects innate and adaptive immunity?

A

PRRs
-> Pattern recognition receptors

PAMPS
-> Pathogen - associated molecular patterns

DAMPS
-> Damage - associated molecular patterns

Inflammation

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26
Q

What are 2 sub categories in PRR?

A

Soluble proteins
Membrane proteins

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27
Q

What are the 4 soluble proteins in PRR?

A

Complements
Humoral factors
-> CRP
-> MBL
-> LBP
- -> LPS - binding protein

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28
Q

Who are the 3 inflammatory brothers?

A

TNF - alpha
IL - 1 beta
IL - 6

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29
Q

What is the definition of PAMPs?

A

molecules produced by microbial invaders

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30
Q

What is the definition of DAMPs?

A

molecules
-> released from damaged , dead or dying cells & tissue
-> produced by sentinel cells
- -> macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells

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31
Q

What does DAMPs do?

A

Recruit & activates cells of innate immune system

Promote adaptive immune responses

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32
Q

What determines if neutrophil survives?

A

Expression of CD31 by neutrophil

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33
Q

What happens if neutrophil doesn’t express CD31?

A

Phagocytosis of neutrophil
-> By macrophage

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34
Q

Which organ synthesizes complements & acute phase protein?

A

Liver

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35
Q

What are the name of the 3 pathways that activates complements?

A

Classical
Lectin
Alternative

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36
Q

What is the 2 main components in classical pathway?
( complement activation )

A

Ag - Ab
C1

37
Q

Which 2 antibodies can activate complements?
Which one is better at activating complements?

A

IgM > IgG

38
Q

What is the main component in lectin pathway?

A

MBL

39
Q

What is the main component in alternative pathway?

A

C3, Factor B & Factor D

40
Q

Which complement is part of the membrane - attack complex?

A

C5b
C6
C7
C8
C9 ( A LOT )

41
Q

What is the first complement involved in classical pathway?

A

C1
-> C1qr2s2

42
Q

Classical

What activates C1 (C1qr2s2) in classical pathway?

A

Immune complex
-> Ag - Ab

43
Q

Classical

What does activated C1 do?

A

Cleave C4 => C4a + C4b
-> C4a
- -> small
- -> floats in circulation
-> C4b
- -> big
- -> stays on pathogen’s membrane

44
Q

Classical

What does activated C1 after C4b is detected?

A

Cleave C2 => C2a + C2b

45
Q

Classical

What does C4b & C2b form?

A

C4b2b
-> C3 convertase

46
Q

Classical

What does C4b2b ( C3 convertase ) do?

A

Cleave C3 => C3a + C3b

47
Q

Classical

What does C4b2b & C3b form?

A

C4b2b3b
-> C5 convertase

48
Q

Classical

What does C4b2b3b ( C5 convertase ) do?

A

Cleave C5 => C5a + C5b

49
Q

Lectin

What activates MBL?

A

MBL ( mannose - binding lectin )
-> contact w/ surface mannose of pathogen

50
Q

Lectin

What does MBL bind to when activated?

A

MASP ( MBL - associated seine protease )
-> similar function to activated C1

51
Q

Lectin

What does MASP do after binding to MBL?

A

Cleave C4 => C4a + C4b

52
Q

Lectin

What does MASP do after detecting presence of C4b?

A

Cleave 2C
-> The rest is the same as classical pathway

53
Q

Alternate

What is the first molecule activated in alternate pathway?

A

C3

54
Q

Alternate

How is 3C activated?

A

Attachment to pathogen?

55
Q

Alternate

What happens when C3 attaches to pathogen wall and get activated?

A

Hydrolyses itself
-> cleave C3 => C3a + C3b

56
Q

Alternate

What happens after C3b is present?

A

Cleave Factor B => Ba + Bb
-> Factor D helps cutcut

57
Q

Alternate

What does C3b + Bb form?

A

C3bBb
-> C3 convertase

58
Q

Alternate

What does C3bBb ( C3 convertase ) do?

A

Cleave C3 => C3a + C3b

59
Q

Alternate

What does C3bBb + C3b form?

A

C3bBb3b ( C5 convertase )

60
Q

Alternate

What does C3bBb3b ( C5 convertase ) do?

A

Cleave C5 => C5a + C5b

61
Q

What happens after C5b is produce by the 3 pathways?

A

C5b binds C6
-> C5b6 binds C7
- -> C5b67 binds C8
- - -> C5b678

62
Q

What happens after C5b678 is formed?

A

C9 polymerization
-> Poly C9 surrounds C5b678
- -> Complete membrane attack complex is formed

63
Q

What are the 3 timing for regulating the complement system?

A

Before assembly of C3 convertase
After assembly of C3 convertase
Assembly of membrane - attack complex (MAC)

64
Q

What are the 6 regulatory factors before assembly of convertase activity?

A

C1 inhibitor
C4bBP ( C4b - binding protein )
Factor I
CR1 ( Complement receptor 1 )
MCP ( Membrane cofactor protein )
Factor H

65
Q

What is the function of C1 inhibitor in classical pathway?

A

C1 inhibitor binds to C1r2s2
-> causes dissociation from C1q

66
Q

What is the function of C4bBP in classical pathway?

A

Blocks the binding of C4b + C2b => C4b2b

67
Q

Which 2 regulatory factors other than C4bBP that can block binding of C4b & C2b in classical pathway?

A

CR1
MCP

68
Q

What is the function of Factor I in classical pathway?

A

Cleave C4b

69
Q

What is the function of Factor H in alternative pathway?

A

Prevents binding of C3b + Bb => C3bBb

70
Q

Which 2 regulatory factors other than Factor H that can block binding of C3b & Bb in alternative pathway?

A

CR1
MCP

71
Q

What is the function of Factor I in alternative pathway?

A

Cleave C3b

72
Q

Why is C4b cleavage by Factor I needed?

A

Inhibition of C4b are not forever
-> cleaving C4b => C4c + C4d
- -> prevents future accidental activation

73
Q

What are the 4 regulatory factors after assembly of convertase activity?

A

C4bBP
CR1
Factor H
DAF ( Decay - accelerating factor )

74
Q

What is the function of C4bBP, CR1, Factor H & DAF after assembly of C3 convertase?

A

Dissociates C3 convertase
-> Cleavage of C3b & C4b by Factor I

75
Q

What are the 3 regulatory factors at assembly of MAC?

A

S protein
HRF ( Homologous restriction factor )
MIRL ( Membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis )
-> also named CD59

76
Q

What is the function of S protein?

A

Prevents insertion of C5b67 into membrane

77
Q

What is the function of HRF & MIRL?

A

Prevent assembly of poly C9 to C5b678

78
Q

What are the 4 complements biological functions?

A

Lysis

Opsonization

Activation of inflammatory response

Clearance of immune complexes

79
Q

What is lysis of complements biological function?

A

MAC ( membrane - attack complex )
-> C5b678 + Poly C9

80
Q

What is opsonization of complements biological function?

A

C3b binding on cell
-> phagocytic recognizes C3b
- -> phagocytosis

81
Q

What is activation of inflammatory response of complements biological function?

A

Anaphylatoxins
-> C3a, C4a & C5a
- -> Bind to Mast cells receptor ( just like Ag -IgE )
- - -> Induce degranulation
- - - -> Releases Histamine

Chemotactic factors
-> C3a, C5a & C5b67
- -> Induce leukocytes
- - -> Adherence to endothelium
- - - -> Extravasation through endothelium
- - - - -> Migration to site of C’ activation

82
Q

What is clearance of immune complexes of complements biological function?

A

Binds to immune complexes ( Ag - Ab )
-> Phagocytosis by phagocytes
-> Binds to CR1 on RBC
- -> Brought to spleen & liver
- - -> Phagocytosis by phagocytes

83
Q

What happens if clearance of immune complexes fails?

A

Deposition of immune complexes in tissues
-> Chronic infection
- -> Kidney => Glomerulonephritis
- -> Blood vessel => Arteritis / Vasculitis
- -> Joint => Arthritis

84
Q

What are the 2 complement receptors?

A

CR1
CR2

85
Q

Which of the 3 B cell coreceptor is actually CR2?

CD81
CD21
CD19

A

CD21

86
Q

What are 3 categories complement deficiencies?

A

Congenital deficiency
Decreased production
Increased consumption

87
Q

What are the 2 congenital deficiency of complement?

A

Canine C3 deficiency
Porcine Factor H deficiency

88
Q

What causes decreased production of complement?

A

Hepatic disease & malfunction

89
Q

What causes increased consumption of complement?

A

Immune complexes
CVF ( Cobra venom factor )
-> C3b - like
- -> Lies to Bb </3
- - -> Bangs Bb => forms CVFBb (irreversible)

Immunology (8 decks)

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