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Immunology > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

How long can cytokines stay in plasma?

A

Maximum 3 mins

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2
Q

Is cytokine toxic in high doses?

A

Yes
-> Cytokine storm
- -> Overproduction of IL - 6 ( Pro inflammatory )
- - -> Dies

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3
Q

What is the difference between lymphokines & monokines?

A

Lymphokines
-> secreted by lymphocytes

Monokines
-> secreted by monocytes / macrophages

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4
Q

Who secretes Interleukins ( IL )?

A

Leukocytes
-> WBC

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5
Q

What is the difference between autocrine, paracrine & endocrine?

A

Autocrine
-> Cell A releases substances that acts on itself

Paracrine
-> Cell A releases substances that acts nearby cells

Endocrine
-> Cell A releases substances that acts on distant cell
- -> through circulation

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6
Q

Explain the following features of cytokines
Pleiotropy

A

Pleiotropy
-> Single cytokine
- -> Works on different cells

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7
Q

Explain the following features of cytokines
Redundancy

A

Redundancy
-> Multiple cytokines
- -> Having very similar effects on cells

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8
Q

Explain the following features of cytokines
Synergy

A

Synergy
-> At least 2 cytokines
- -> Works better when present together

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9
Q

Explain the following features of cytokines
Antagonism

A

Antagonism
-> Cytokines
- -> Competing with other cytokines

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10
Q

Explain the following features of cytokines
Cascading

A

Cascading
-> Cytokines acting one after another

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11
Q

IL - 1

What is the 2 difference between IL - 1 beta & IL - 1 alpha

A

IL - 1 beta
-> Produced more
-> Secretory

IL - 1 alpha
-> Produced less
-> Membrane bound

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12
Q

IL - 1

Does IL -1 pro Th2?

A

Yes

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13
Q

IL - 1

What are the functions of IL - 1 on macrophage?

A

Induce IL - 6 production

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14
Q

IL - 1

What are the functions of IL - 1 on Th2?

A

Activation
Proliferation

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15
Q

IL - 1

What are the functions of IL - 1 on endothelial cell?

A

Increased cell adhesion molecule expression

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16
Q

IL - 1

What are the functions of IL - 1 on hepatocytes?

A

Synthesis of acute phase protein

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17
Q

IL - 1

What are the functions of IL - 1 on hypothalamus?

A

Induction of Fever

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18
Q

IL - 4

Does IL - 4 pro Th2?

A

Yes

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19
Q

IL - 4

What are the functions of IL - 4 on Th2?

A

Activation
Differentiation

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20
Q

IL - 4

What are the functions of IL - 4 on B cell?

A

G0 -> G1 phase
MHC - 2 up regulation
Class switch
-> IgG1
-> IgE

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21
Q

IL - 4

What are the functions of IL - 4 on IFN - gamma & IL - 2?

A

Antagonization

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22
Q

IL - 4

What are the functions of IL - 4 on Th17 activation?

A

Suppression

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23
Q

IL - 13

What is the function of IL - 13?

A

Redundancy
-> IL - 4
- -> Weaker than IL - 4 though

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24
Q

IL - 5

Which cells secrete IL - 5

A

Th2
Mast cell
Eosinophil

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25
Q

IL - 5

What are the functions of IL - 5 on B cell?

A

G1 => S phase
Class switching
-> IgA

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26
Q

IL - 5

What are the functions of IL - 5 on eosinophil?

A

Growth
Differentiation
-> Progenital cell => eosinophil
- -> Requires presence of IL - 5

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27
Q

IL - 6

What are the functions of IL - 6 on Th2?

A

Activation
Differentiation

28
Q

IL - 6

What are the functions of IL - 6 on B cell?

A

S phase => plasma cell

29
Q

IL - 2

What are the functions of IL - 2 on Th1, B cell, Macrophage, NK cells?

A

Activation
IL - 2 activates many things :D

30
Q

IL - 2

What are the functions of IL - 2 with IL - 12?

A

Synergy

IL - 2 + IL + 12
-> Induce T cell => CTL ( Cytotoxic T lymphocyte )

31
Q

Is T reg Th1, Th2, Th3 or Th17?

A

Th3

32
Q

IL - 15

What are the functions of IL - 15 on memory CD8+ cell?

A

Survival

33
Q

IL - 15

What are the functions of IL - 15 on IL -2?

A

Redundancy

34
Q

IL - 12

What are the functions of IL - 12 on Th1?

A

Activation
Differentiation

35
Q

IL - 12

What are the functions of IL - 12 on IL - 2?

A

Synergy

IL - 2 + IL - 12
-> Induce T cell => CTL

36
Q

IL - 18

What are the functions of IL - 18 on IL - 12?

A

Redundancy

37
Q

IL - 23

What are the functions of IL - 23 on IL - 12?

A

Sort of redundancy (?
-> Work on Th17
- -> Instead of Th1

38
Q

IL - 23

What are the functions of IL - 23 on Th17?

A

Activation
Survive

39
Q

IL - 21

What are the functions of IL - 21 on activated NK & CD8+ cells?

A

Enhance
-> cytotoxic activity
-> IFN - gamma production

40
Q

IL - 21

What are the functions of IL - 21 on germinal centers?

A

Activation
-> B cell
-> follicular helper T cell

41
Q

IL - 17

Which cells secrete IL - 17?

A

CD4+ Th17 cells

42
Q

IL - 17

What is the function of IL - 17?

A

Neutrophil - mediated inflammation

43
Q

What is the difference between IL - 12 & IL - 23?
-> Though closely related

A

IL - 12
-> Activation of Th1
- -> Secretion of IFN - gamma
- - -> Activation of Macrophage

IL - 23
-> Activation of Th17
- -> Secretion of IL -17
- - -> Neutrophil - mediated inflammation

44
Q

What is the function of IL - 23 & IL - 21 on ROR gamma T ( Th17 phenotype )?

A

IL - 23
-> Stabilize ROR gamma t

IL - 21
-> Activation of ROR gamma t

45
Q

What is the function of IL - 3?

A

Myeloid progenitor ( Hematopoietic cells )
-> Growth
-> Differentiation

46
Q

What is the relationship between SCF & C-kit?

A

SCF ( Stem cell factor )
-> C - kit ligand

C - kit
-> SCF receptor

47
Q

What is the function of IL - 7?

A

Lymphoid progenitor
-> Differentiation

48
Q

What is the function of IL - 11?

A

Magakaryocyte
-> Differentiate of platelets

49
Q

What is the function of IL - 8?

A

Chemotaxis
-> Neutrophil

50
Q

Which Ths secrete IL - 10?
What is the function?

A

Th2
-> inhibits Th1

Th3
-> inhibits Th1 & Th2

51
Q

What causes Crohn’s disease ( Inflammatory bowel disease )?
How to treat it?

A

Lack of IL - 10
-> Th 1 increases
- -> Constant inflammatory

Treatment
-> Ingestion of parasites egg
- -> IL - 5 increases => Eosinophil activation
- - -> Th2 increase = Th1 decrease

52
Q

What is the function of IL -16?

A

Chemotaxis
-> Th
-> Monocyte
-> Eosinophil

53
Q

Which IFN ( Interferons ) are in Type 1 & Type 2?

A

Type 1 Interferons
-> IFN - alpha
-> IFN - beta

Type 2 Interferons
-> IFN - gamma

54
Q

Does IFN - gamma promotes Th1 / Th2?

A

Th1

55
Q

Is TGF - beta ( Transforming growth factor - beta ) an activators / inhibitory cytokines?

A

Inhibitory

56
Q

Which cell secretes TGF - beta?

A

Th3

57
Q

Does TNF - alpha ( Tumor necrosis factor - alpha ) increase or decrease blood pressure?

A

Decrease blood pressure

58
Q

Is TNF - beta similar or opposite of TNF - alpha?

A

Similar
-> Even shares the same receptor

59
Q

What does TNF - alpha cause other than reduced blood pressure?

A

Inflammation
Toxic effects
-> Cachexia
- -> Muscle atrophy
- -> Significant loss of body weight

60
Q

What are the 5 receptor family?

A

Ig superfamily receptor
Class 1 cytokine receptor
Class 2 cytokine ( IFN ) receptor
TNF receptor
Chemokine receptors

61
Q

What is the 5 steps of signal transduction of cytokines?

A

Cytokines => receptors
-> Activation of JAK ( Janus kinase )
- -> Phosphorylation of STAT
- - -> Dimerization of STAT
- - - -> Activation of DNA by STAT

62
Q

What are 3 cytokine regulations?

A

Changes in receptor expression

Specific binding proteins
-> IL - 1RA ( IL - 1 receptor antagonist )
-> Soluble TNF - alpha R
- -> Floating receptor lol

Cytokines exerting opposite effects
-> Th1 up = Th2 down

63
Q

What is the costimulation for Th1 & Th2 factor?

A

Th1
-> CD80

Th2
-> CD86

64
Q

Which ILs are mainly responsible for differentiation for Th1 & Th2?

A

Th1
-> IL - 12

Th2
-> IL - 1
-> IL - 4
-> IL - 6

65
Q

Does Th1 / Th2 promote cellular - mediated immunity / humoral immunity?

A
66
Q

Does Th1 / Th2 generate immunity to intracellular / extracellular organisms?

A

Th1
-> Intracellular

Th2
-> Extracellular

Immunology (8 decks)

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