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Immunology > Cells & Organs of Immune system > Flashcards

Cells & Organs of Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

What is the definition of Hematopoiesis?

A

Formation & Development of red & white blood cells

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2
Q

Hematopoiesis

What is the migration path of HSCs ( Hematopoietic stem cells )?

A

Embryonic Yolk sac -> Fetal liver -> Spleen -> Bone marrow

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3
Q

Hematopoiesis

What are the two characteristic of HSC that allows it to consistently produce new and different blood cells?

A

Self renewal ( Though decrease in level at old age )
Multi - potent : Able to differentiate and generate various cells

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4
Q

Hematopoiesis

What happens with stem cell mitosis when
a) Normal
b) Injury
c) Infection

A

Normal : No increase in stem cells
Injury : Increase in stem cells
Infection : Increase in differentiating cells

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5
Q

Hematopoiesis

What are the 4 factors involve in hematopoietic homeostasis?

A

Control of levels & types of cytokines produced by Bone - marrow stromal cell

Production of cytokines w/ hematopoietic activity by other cell types
(e.g. Activated T cells & macrophage (during infection))

Regulation of expression of receptors

Removal of certain cells by apoptosis

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6
Q

Hematopoiesis

What is the anti - apoptotic protein that regulates activated B - cell numbers by apoptosis?

A

Bcl - 2

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7
Q

Cells of Immune System

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells

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8
Q

Cells of Immune System

What is 4 attributes that only lymphocytes possess?

A

Diversity

Specificity

Memory

Self / Non-self recognition

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9
Q

Cells of Immune System

What are the 2 fates of antigen - activated lymphocytes?

A

Effector cell
-> Apoptosis

Memory cell

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10
Q

Cells of Immune System

What are the 4 molecules expressed on the membrane of Mature B cells?

A

mIg ( membrane - bound immunoglobulin )

Class ll MHC

B7-1 & B7-2

CD40

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11
Q

Cells of Immune System

What are the 2 sites of maturation for B lymphocytes?

A

Bursa of Fabricius ( birbs )

Bone marrow

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12
Q

Cells of Immune System

What is the site of maturation for T lymphocytes?

A

Thymus

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13
Q

Cells of Immune System

What is the cell marker for B lymphocyte?

A

BCR ( B - cell receptor )
-> mIg ( membrane - bound immunoglobulin )

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14
Q

Cells of Immune System

What are the cell markers for T lymphocytes?

A

TCR
-> recognizes only antigen on self - cells
- -> MHC restriction

CD4 ( T helper : Th1 & Th2 )

CD8 ( T cytotoxic )

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15
Q

Cells of Immune System

What is the cytokines released in Th1 ( MHC ll restricted )?
What are their functions?

A

IL - 2 & IFN - y ( gamma )

Functions :
-> Activation of macrophages
-> Inflammation

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16
Q

Cells of Immune System

What is the cytokines released in Th2 ( MHC ll restricted )?
What are their functions?

A

IL - 4 & IL - 5

Functions :
-> Stimulation of B lymphocytes

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17
Q

Cells of Immune System

Is NK cells ( Natural killer cell ) part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

A

Innate

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18
Q

Cells of Immune System

Does NK cells have antigen receptors?

A

They don’t have antigen receptor

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19
Q

Cells of Immune System

What are the 2 most important protein in NK cells’ cytoplasmic granules?

And what are their functions?

A

Perforin : Poke pores on targets’ cell membrane

Granzyme : Initiate apoptosis in target cell

20
Q

Cells of Immune System

What are the two pathway of NK cells sensing?

A

Interaction between NK receptors MHC - 1

ADCC ( antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity )

21
Q

Cells of immune system

Explain the interaction between NK receptor & MHC - 1 ( Pathway of NK cell sensing )

A

Cells with proper expression of MHC - 1 sends inhibition signals to NK cells
-> NK cells considered these cells normal & healthy

Cells with missing / reduced / altered MHC - 1 is recognized as abnormal cells by NK cells
-> Activation of NK cells

22
Q

Cell of immune system

Explain ADCC ( Pathway of NK cells sensing )

A

Antibodies produced by plasma cell binds to target cell

Recognition and binding of antibodies with NK cells’ Fc receptor activates NK cells

23
Q

Cell of immune system

Are NKT cells present in all mammals?

24
Q

Cell of immune system

Which of the following are differentiated tissue macrophages?

Alveolar macrophages
Histiocytes
Kupffer cells
Mesangial cells
Microglial cells
Osteoclasts

A

ALL :D ( you know the drill )

25
Q

Cell of immune system

Choose the correct option to finish the description of morphological changes in monocytes -> macrophage

  1. Cell size __ ( enlarges / shrinks ) 5 - 10 folds
  2. Its intracellular organelles __ ( increase / decrease ) in both number and complexity
  3. It acquires increased __ ( phagocytic / exocytic ) ability
  4. Produces __ ( lower / higher ) levels of hydrolytic enzymes
  5. Begins to secrete a variety of __ ( soluble / insoluble ) factors
A
  1. Cell size enlarges 5 - 10 folds
  2. Its intracellular organelles increase in both number and complexity
  3. It acquires increased phagocytic ability
  4. Produces higher levels of hydrolytic enzymes
  5. Begins to secrete a variety of soluble factors
26
Q

Cell of immune system

What is the cytokines in Th1 that activates macrophage?

A

IFN - gamma

27
Q

Cell of immune system

What is the rate of phagocytosis 4000 - fold higher in the presence of specific antibody to the antigen?

A

Exterior of cell membrane carries negative charge
-> Difficult for phagocytic cells to get close ( e.g. bacteria )

28
Q

What are 2 categories of antimicrobial and cytotoxic substances produced by activated macrophages?

A

Oxygen - dependent killing

Oxygen - independent killing

29
Q

Cell of immune system

What is oxygen dependent killing?

A

NOS ( Nitric oxide synthase ) produces NO
-> NO is a potent antimicrobial substance

30
Q

Cell of immune system

What is oxygen - independent killing?

A

Defensin

Hydrolytic enzyme

TNF ( tumor necrosis factor )

31
Q

Cell of immune system

What are 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

32
Q

Cell of immune system

What are the 4 steps of neutrophil killing?

A

Attraction by chemotaxis

Adherence

Ingestion

Destruction
-> Primary granules ( Larger , denser )
-> Secondary granules ( Smaller )

33
Q

Cell of immune system

What are the difference between eosinophil & basophil?

A

Eosinophil
-> Phagocytic cells ( Blood -> tissue spaces )
-> Against parasite

Basophil
-> Non - phagocytic
-> Certain allergic responses

34
Q

Cell of immune system

What does mast cells release?

35
Q

Cell of immune system

What are dendritic cells and what molecules do they express?

A

Antigen - presenting cells
They express high levels of MHC - 2 & B7

36
Q

Organs of immune system

What are the difference between primary organs & secondary organs in immune system?

A

Primary organs : Production & maturation of immune cells

Secondary organs : Activation of immune cells

37
Q

Organs of immune system

What are some primary organs & secondary organs?

A

Primary : Thymus & bone marrow

Secondary : Lymphatic tissues & spleen

38
Q

Organs of immune system

What are the difference in cortex & medulla of thymus?

A

Cortex : Immature T cells ( thymocytes )

Medulla : Less populated, more mature thymocytes

39
Q

Organs of immune system

Which 2 types of T cells will be eliminated by thymus?

A

Can’t recognize antigen - MHC complexes

Reacts with self - antigen - MHC
-> Possible autoimmune disease

40
Q

Organs of immune system

Match the correct tissue to the corresponding animal species?

( Human, Rodents, Birbs, Ruminants, Rabbits, Dogs, Pigs )

( Bursa of Fabricius, Bone marrow, Peyer’s patches, Appendix )

A

Human, Rodents : Bone marrow

Birbs : Bursa of Fabricius

Ruminants, Pigs, Dogs : Peyer’s patches

Rabbits : Appendix

41
Q

Organs of immune system

Does bone marrow undergo a selection process that eliminates B cells with self - reactive antibody receptors, just like T cells in thymus?

42
Q

Organs of immune system

What is the difference of lymph nodes’ cortex, paracortex & medulla?

A

Cortex : Germinal centers & Follicles
-> B lymphocytes
-> T helper cells
-> Follicular DCs

Paracortex :
-> T lymphocytes
-> Interdigitating DCs ( High MHC ll & B7 expression )

Medulla :
-> Plasma cells

43
Q

Organs of immune system

Which one has more lymphocytes,
afferent lymph or efferent lymph?

A

Efferent lymph has 50 - fold more lymphocytes

44
Q

What is the functional importance of MALT ( Mucosal - associated lymphoid tissues )?

A

Large population of antibody - producing plasma cells

> > spleen + lymph nodes + bone marrow

45
Q

Which of the following is part of MALT?

Tonsils
Appendix
Peyer’s patches

46
Q

Organs of immune system

What is M cells?
Where can they be found?

A

M cells are specialized epithelial cells that transport pathogens from mucosal surfaces to MALT

They are found in places with MALT

47
Q

Organs of immune system

What antibody does plasma cell MAINLY produce in MALT?

Immunology (8 decks)

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