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Pharmacy Y2- Exam 1 > Innate immune system > Flashcards

Innate immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What does pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell?

A

They can divide and can differentiate into any cell type of the blood

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2
Q

What is the lymph system?

A

Is a complex network of lymphoid organs, nodes, ducts, tissue, capillaries, and vessels.
There is no pump, produce and transport lymph fluid to tissues

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3
Q

What are the two types of lymph systems?

A

Primary and secondary

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4
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymph system?

A
  • removal of excess fluid from body tissue
  • absorption of fatty acids and subsequent transport of fat to the circulatory system
  • production of immue cells
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5
Q

How many lymph nodes do human have and where are they clustered?

A

500-600 nodes

Found underarms,groin, neck,chest, and abdomen

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6
Q

How does in IFN (interferon) -system work?

A
  • a cell is infect by a virus and the cell wants to warn the other cells
  • so it releases IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
  • IFN will have an effect on surrounding cells once it receives it
  • IFN signals to the surrounding cell that there is a virus infecting cells
  • IFN will activate b-cells (NK cells) and the cell may prodcue enzymes to kill it
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7
Q

When will the IFN receptor be activated?

A

When IFN is present

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8
Q

What happens when IFN receptor is activated?

A
  • infected cell releases IFN to surrounding cells and neighbouring cells recieves IFN which activates the IFN-R
  • it phosophorylates itself and other molecules like JAK and STAT is activated which will allow for a change in gene expression as STAT moves into nucleus
  • surrounding cells produce molecules that can fight back the virus
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9
Q

What genes are changed due to IFN

A
  • oligoadenylat-synthetase
  • P1-kinase
  • Mx
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10
Q

What does the IFN induced gene oligoadenylat-synthetase do?

A

Its an emzyme that can destroy viral RNA

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11
Q

What does the IFN induced gene P1-kinase do?

A

Enzyme that stops translation of viral dna or rna

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12
Q

What does the IFN induced gene Mx do?

A

Inhibits virals replication of RNA virus.

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13
Q

When prostaglandin is released what does it give us?

A

Pain

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14
Q

What is prostaglandins made from?

A

Derived from Arachidonicacid

They are phospholipds

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15
Q

How is arachidonicacid broken down?

A
  • a stimulus such as stress activates phospholipase A2 which breaks down phospholipids
  • this leaves us with arachidonicacid that is then broken down by COX-1 and COX-2
  • it breaks down into either 12-HETE, 15-HETE, LT4 using lipoxygenase or into PGH2
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16
Q

What enzyme is induced by inflammation?

A

COX-2

17
Q

What can inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 pathways?

A

Ibuprofen and aspirin

18
Q

What enzyme causes inflammation, fever and pain?

A

COX-2 producing PGE2, PGI2 TXA2

19
Q

Why cant you use an inhibitor to prevent pain?

A

Because the inhibitor would work equally on both COX1 and COX-2 therefore it would effect the COX-1 production of the prostaglandins and would effect the normal body functions such as kidney function snd regulating blood flow

20
Q

What are prostinglandins?

A

The prostaglandins are a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labour.

21
Q

What are complement receptor?

A

They have a specific receptor which will identify C3b once it has bound to bacteria

22
Q

What are receptors for conserved components of pathogens?

A

Any receptor that can identify lipopollysaccharides or sugars on bacteria

23
Q

What is a scavenger

A

They can bind to lots of different cytokines without having to activate them and get rid of extra cytokines

24
Q

What can toll-like recepetors (TLR) do?

A

They can identify polysaccharides on the bacteria leading to phagocytosis. Also leading to prodcution of cytokines, reactive oxygen species leading to killing of microbe. If they are on macrophage they will be able to identify bacteria faster too

25
Q

What do mannose receptors bind to?

A

Sugars on the bacteria leading to phagocytosis

26
Q

What do GPCR DO?

A

Bind to other chemokines or lipid mediators cause cytoskeletal change causing tissues to migrate

27
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The take up of extracellular fluid

28
Q

What is phagocytosis? What cells do it?

A

The take up of solid things by the cell and its done by monocytes/macrophages, neurophil, eosinophile

29
Q

What is the function of natural killer cell?

A

Fight aginst infected or tumour cells

Destroy cells with abnormal structures

30
Q

What cells have MHC class 1 receptors?

A

Every cell, foreign cells lack them

31
Q

How does the NK cell know that there is an abnormal cell to kill?

A
  • they interact with 2 different receptors; killer activating receptor and the killer inhibitory receptor
  • the KAR will bind to anything on the cell
  • to prevent the NK cell from destroying the cell the KIR needs to bind to the MHC class 1 to know its not a foreign molecule
32
Q

Why might a cell not have much MCH class 1 on its CS?

A

If its been infected by a virus due to down regulation of MHC class 1 molecules

33
Q

How does a macrophage kill a microbe with the help of a NK cell?

A
  • the macrophage has eaten up the bacteria
  • the macrophage release a cytokine IL-12 once its bound to the NK cell
  • this triggers the NK cell to not kill the macrophage
  • the NK cell release IFN gamma
  • the IFN gamma helps the macrophage prodcue its reactive oxygen, more lysosymes to kill the microbes that have been taken in by phagocytosis
34
Q

How does the KIR prevent the killing of the cell?

A

By actuvating a phosphtase by removing a ohosohate which stops signalling to kill the cell

Pharmacy Y2- Exam 1 (13 decks)

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