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Immunology > Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what cells are sentinel cells

A

macrophage
dendritic cells

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2
Q

what cells have phagocytic functions

A

macrophages
neutrophils

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3
Q

what cells are antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages
dendritic cells

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4
Q

what are the ways a cell can create signals intercellularly

A
  1. cell surface receptors
  2. small soluble molecules
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5
Q

when are cell surface receptors expressed

A

mostly when induced

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6
Q

what can a cell surface receptor be used for

A
  1. binding signaling molecules from other cells
  2. bind microbes and host cells
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7
Q

what are types of intercellular signaling used in the innate immune system

A
  • cell surface receptors
  • small soluble molecules
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8
Q

what is the fate of the signals secreted from the cell

A

bind on receptors of other cells

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9
Q

how do cells bind to each other

A

using complementary receptors

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10
Q

True or False:

Cells integrate/regulate intercellular signals in a regulated manner

A

true

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11
Q

what are the functions of the signals sent to other cells

A
  1. divide/stop dividing
  2. die
  3. express receptors
  4. secrete more signals
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12
Q

what is released in the event the cells of the immune system are activated

A

cytokines

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13
Q

what are cytokines

A

small, soluble protein molecules

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14
Q

what are the main cytokines

A
  1. interleukines
  2. lymphokines
  3. chemokines
  4. interferons
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15
Q

besides communication with other cells and impact on cellular behavior, what are cytokines’ function

A

growth
differentiation
secretion

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16
Q

where can cytokines be present

A

local or systemic

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17
Q

what is needed for a cell to be able to respond to a cytokine

A

receptors

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18
Q

True or False:

One type of cytokine can be made by several different cells

A

true

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19
Q

how is the function of a cytokine determined

A

per situation

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20
Q

what is the MAIN result of the activation of cytokines

A

initiates inflammation

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21
Q

what cytokine acts as growth and differentiation factors for cells of the immune system

A

interleukins

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22
Q

which cytokine is secreted by lymphocytes

A

lymphokines

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23
Q

which cytokine has pro-inflammatory and chemotactic properties

A

chemokines

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24
Q

what cytokine can interfere with viral replication

A

interferons

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25
Q

which cytokine kills tumor cells and also can regulate inflammation

A

tumor necrosis factor

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26
Q

what are the primary activators of the innate immune system

A

sentinel cells

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27
Q

what is the job of sentinel cells

A

recognize invader or tissue damage

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28
Q

which sentinel cell is responsible for identifying, capturing, and killing microbes

A

macrophage

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29
Q

True or False:

Macrophages are not APCs

A

False

Macrophages are APCs because of their presence of cell surface receptors

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30
Q

what cell is the primary antigen-presenting cell

A

dendritic cell

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31
Q

how do macrophages and dendritic interact with the acquired immune system

A

through antigen presentation

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32
Q

where can you find sentinel cells

A

highest concentration at infection site

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33
Q

what do sentinel cells and all phagocytic cells express on their surface

A

Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

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34
Q

what do PRRs recognize

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
(PAMPs)

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35
Q

what are PAMPs

A

conserved molecular patterns on microbial surfaces

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36
Q

what is the purpose of the Pathogen Recognition Receptors?

A

They are used to recognize molecular patterns on the surface of microbes

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37
Q

why is inflammation the main result of the release of cytokines by sentinel cells

A
  • increased vascular permeability
    -increased blood flow
  • attraction of neutrophils to the site
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38
Q

what is the major mechanism of the innate immune response to a microbe

A

inflammation

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39
Q

what are the signs of inflammation

A
  1. redness
  2. swelling
  3. heat
  4. pain
  5. loss of function
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40
Q

what phagocytic cell is found in the blood

A

monocytes

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41
Q

what phagocytic cells is found in tissues

A

macrophages

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42
Q

what are the polymorphonuclear cells

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

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43
Q

what activates phagocytic cells

A

dead and dying cells

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44
Q

how are tissue macrophages named

A

based on location

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45
Q

what is the impact steroids have on macrophages

A

down-regulated

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46
Q

how would steroid use impact the immune system

A

decreases the ability of macrophages to kill pathogens

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47
Q

with what clinical sign should be hesitant/ cautious to use steroids with

A

inflammation

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48
Q

why should we be careful using steroids with cases of inflammation

A

inflammation could be caused by infection and steroids would decrease macrophage abilities

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49
Q

what is the major phagocyte to respond to infection

A

neutrophils

50
Q

where can you find neutrophils?

A

-high numbers in circulation (blood)
-bone marrow

51
Q

what do we count in a CBC

A

amount of neutrophils in the circulating pool

52
Q

what is the presence of above normal concentration in the circulating pool

A

Neutrophilia

53
Q

what are the two places in circulation the neutrophils can be found?

A
  1. circulation pool
  2. marginating pool
54
Q

where is the marginating pool of neutrophils found

A

adhering to endothelium

55
Q

in what species can there be 3x more the amount of neutrophils in the MP than CP

A

cats

56
Q

what can stress in cats cause to be shown on a CBC

A

neutrophilia

57
Q

what is the importance of bone marrow when it comes to neutrophils

A
  1. proliferation pool
  2. maturation pool
  3. storage pool
58
Q

what leads to the death of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis

59
Q

what is attracted to dying neutrophils

A

macrophages

60
Q

which neutrophils do no undergo proliferation

A

circulating & mature

61
Q

when do neutrophils become active

A

immediately after release from bone marrow

62
Q

True or False:

Neutrophils are used for long-term killing

A

FALSE
incapable of sustained killing

63
Q

what receptors are present in neutrophils

A
  1. surface receptors for complement proteins
  2. receptors for Fc part of antibody
64
Q

do macrophages or neutrophils have a greater speed of response for phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

65
Q

which phagocytic cell is involved in tissue repair and APCs

A

macrophage

66
Q

what is the 1/2 life of blood monocytes

A

1 day

67
Q

what is the life span of tissue macrophages

A

several months or years

68
Q

which phagocytic cell has greater antimicrobial abilities

A

macrophages

69
Q

what are the main defense factors of phagocytes

A

-enzymes
-defensins
-interferons
-complement proteins

70
Q

what is used by phagocytes to cause oxidative damage to membranes

A

enzymes

71
Q

what is a defensin

A

anti-bacterial peptide

72
Q

what can be produced by phagocytic cells to interfere with viral replication

A

interferons

73
Q

what is produced by macrophages and hepatocytes

A

complement proteins

74
Q

what coats microbes and enhances phagocytosis

A

opsonins

75
Q

what is the function of the receptors on the phagocytic cells

A

recognize molecules on pathogens

76
Q

what is a cell surface molecule that promotes adherence of a cell to various things

A

integrens

77
Q

True or False:

phagocytic cells have receptors for complement proteins

A

true

78
Q

what is the purpose of a complement protein

A

coat microbes for ID

79
Q

what are complement proteins similar to (slightly mimic)

A

opsonins

80
Q

what is the purpose of having receptors for complement proteins and Fc part of the antibody receptors

A

cells can now see and bind to the microbe because of the coating

81
Q

how are phagocytic cells able to coat microbes in order to reveal them

A

complement proteins

82
Q

what is the name of the mechanism used by phagocytes to facilitate adherence to microbes through complement proteins

A

opsonization

83
Q

what are the 4 steps to phagocytosis

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. Destruction
84
Q

what is directed migration according to the chemical gradient

A

chemotaxis

85
Q

what happens after a phagocyte arrives to the site of inflammation

A

adherence to epithelium via integrins

86
Q

in a clinical case of pyoderma, what diagnostic test would be used to confirm the case

A

impression smear of skin

87
Q

in what clinical case would you see an impression smear of skin filled with many phagocytes

A

pyoderma

88
Q

after the phagocytes arrive at the site of infection, what cells come in to kill the organism in the innate immune system

A

neutrophils

89
Q

what do phagocytic cells use to recognize microbes

A

adherence

90
Q

what is used to promote adherence in macrophages and neutrophils

A
  • receptors of Fc part of Ab
  • Opsonins
    -receptor for complement protein
  • PRR
91
Q

True or False:

all macrophages and neutrophils cant express identical receptors

A

FALSE
they can express identical receptors for recognizing microbes (PRRs)

92
Q

what are often molecules essential for the survival of the microbe

A

Pathogen-Associated Membrane Patterns
PAMPs

93
Q

what is unique about PAMPs that makes them the ideal protection for survival

A

do not mutate or change expression

94
Q

what is the most important group of PRRs

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

95
Q

where are Toll-like Receptors present

A

-cell surface
-intracellular

96
Q

what is the purpose of cell surface TLRs

A

recognize extracellular invaders

97
Q

What is the purpose of intracellular TLRs

A

detect intracellular viruses

98
Q

True or False:

A TLR is a PRR

A

true

99
Q

what do TLRs interact with

A

PAMPs

100
Q

what is the result of a TLR signal to the host cell

A
  • killing of microbe
  • production of cytokine resulting in inflammation
101
Q

what are two destruction mechanisms used in the innate immune system by phagocytic cells

A

oxygen-depending & oxygen-independent killing

102
Q

which phagocytic destruction mechanism is essential to survive

A

oxygen-depending killing

103
Q

which destruction mechanism can we expect to take place in a low pH environment

A

oxygen-independent

104
Q

in what cell type can Mycobacterium bovis and Rhodococcus equi survive

A

macrophages

105
Q

True or False:

some pathogens can become resistant to lysosomal contents or inhibit phagolysosomal fusion

A

true

106
Q

what clinical cases can be seen to inhibit phagolysosomal fusion

A
  1. Mycobacterium bovis
  2. Rhodococcous equi
  3. Brucella abortus
  4. Listeria monocytogenes
  5. Salmonella typhimurium
107
Q

what cell will not only kill the microbe but also the host cell

A

natural killer cells

108
Q

True or False:

NK cells and CTLs have the same recognition mechanism for host cells

A

False

CTLs need antigen to be presented

109
Q

True or False:

NK cells kill microbes directly as well as infected host cells

A

FALSE
NK cells are only responsible for killing the infected host cell

110
Q

what makes NK cells dangerous if left unregulated

A

they do not need an antigen present for activation. They will kill any host cell they deem infected

111
Q

what can NK cells express to antibodies

A

FcR

112
Q

how can an NK cell identify an infected host cell

A

a host cell will have antibody attached to the surface and the FcR on the NK cells will attach to it

113
Q

how can NK cells recognize antibodies made for foreign material

A

B-lymphocytes make the antibodies for the NK cell to recognize

114
Q

what is Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

A

Interaction between FcR and antibody on the cell triggering the NK cell to release cytolytic granules

115
Q

what is the purpose of cytolytic granules

A

initiates apoptosis of the host cell

116
Q

how would ADCC be useful in drug development

A

antibody specific for tumor antigens can lead NK cells to kill the tumor cell faster and more effectively

117
Q

what mechanisms do NK cells use to target cells

A
  1. ADCC
  2. Receptors for complement proteins
  3. lack of MHC-1 expression
118
Q

how are NK cells effected by the presence of MCH-1 molecules

A

inhibited by the host cell

119
Q

what does MHC-1 molecules signal for

A

normalcy / healthy cells

120
Q

True or False

All normal, nucleated cell can express MHC-1

A

true

121
Q

what occurs is the host cell does not express any MHC-1 molecules

A

the NK cell will try to kill it because “it is not normal”

122
Q

what are NK cells regulated by

A

cytokines

Immunology (6 decks)

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