Innate Immune

Question 1

What are Host Defense Systems (HDPs)?

Answer 1

Short A.A.s; + charge; defensins

Question 2

What is the function of defensins?

Answer 2

Destroy microorganisms

Question 3

What do peroxidases produce?

Answer 3

H2O2

Question 4

What are transferrin and lactoferrin?

Answer 4

Proteins that bind iron

Question 5

What do lysozymes break down?

Answer 5

Peptidoglycan

Question 6

Where are lysozymes found?

Answer 6

Phagocytic cells, blood, saliva

Question 7

What do toxins in microbiota do?

Answer 7

Prevent microbes

Question 8

What is the role of fatty acid in hair?

Answer 8

Cutibacterium

Question 9

What are colicins and where are they found?

Answer 9

Produced by E. coli in the GI tract

Question 10

What is the role of lactic acid in the vagina?

Answer 10

Produced by Lactobacillus

Question 11

What do neutrophils produce?

Answer 11

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)

Question 12

What are the functions of eosinophils and basophils?

Answer 12

Allergy response

Question 13

What do eosinophils assist with?

Answer 13

Tissue recovery

Question 14

What is the role of basophils?

Answer 14

Inflammation and capillary permeability

Question 15

What are the two types of macrophages?

Answer 15

Wandering and resident

Question 16

What is the role of dendritic cells?

Answer 16

Scouts

Question 17

What do adhesion molecules do?

Answer 17

Grab cells to deliver cytokines or grab macrophages

Question 18

What are surface receptors?

Answer 18

Connect outside and inside of cells

Question 19

What do cytokines bind to?

Answer 19

Other cells

Question 20

What is the function of chemokines?

Answer 20

Chemotaxis - cells move to areas of need

Question 21

What do CSFs do?

Answer 21

Grow leukocytes

Question 22

What are proinflammatory cytokines?

Answer 22

Cytokines that promote inflammation

Question 23

What do IFNs do?

Answer 23

Antiviral and regulatory functions

Question 24

What is the role of IL-1?

Answer 24

Inflammation, fever, macrophage/T-cell activation

Question 25

What does IL-2 promote?

Answer 25

T-cell proliferation

Question 26

What does IL-4 support?

Answer 26

Antibody response

Question 27

What does IL-6 promote?

Answer 27

Inflammation, fever, T- & B-cell proliferation

Question 28

What does TNF do?

Answer 28

Kill off own cells and promote inflammation

Question 29

What is the complement system composed of?

Answer 29

Proteins C1-C9

Question 30

What are the effector functions of the complement system?

Answer 30

* Opsonization * Inflammation response * Lyse foreign cells

Question 31

What is opsonization?

Answer 31

C3b binding to microbial surface to enhance phagocytosis

Question 32

What does C3a do?

Answer 32

Increases vessel leakiness

Question 33

What is C5a?

Answer 33

Chemoattractant for phagocytes

Question 34

What is the membrane attack complex?

Answer 34

C5-C9 proteins that lyse foreign cells

Question 35

What are PRRs?

Answer 35

Pattern Recognition Receptors that recognize microbial signs and cell damage

Question 36

What do surface PRRs include?

Answer 36

* C-type Lectin Receptors (CLRs) * Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

Question 37

What do TLRs recognize?

Answer 37

Peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoprotein, flagella

Question 38

What do dendritic cells express?

Answer 38

CLR and TLRs

Question 39

How long do macrophages live?

Answer 39

Weeks to months

Question 40

What do macrophages use to kill?

Answer 40

Lysosomes

Question 41

What happens to macrophages if infected?

Answer 41

They activate inflammasomes

Question 42

What are the two types of activated macrophages?

Answer 42

* M1: Killer * M2: Healer

Question 43

What is a giant cell?

Answer 43

A type of macrophage formed when more are needed

Question 44

What can giant cells form with T-cells?

Answer 44

Granuloma

Question 45

What can granulomas stop?

Answer 45

Tuberculosis (TB)

Question 46

How long do neutrophils live?

Answer 46

Days

Question 47

What are the granules found in neutrophils?

Answer 47

* Myeloperoxidase * Lactoferrin * Lysozyme * Defensin

Question 48

What are the signs of inflammation?

Answer 48

* Heat * Redness * Swelling * Pain * Loss of function

Question 49

What are the reasons for inflammation?

Answer 49

* Control damage * Localize reaction * Kill invader * Restore tissue function

Question 50

What can cause damage during inflammation?

Answer 50

Vessel leakiness and enzymes + histamine

Question 51

What is sepsis?

Answer 51

Dysfunctional organs and tissue damage from immune system

Question 52

What is septic shock?

Answer 52

Loss of blood flow to organs due to sepsis

Question 53

What are the two types of inflammation?

Answer 53

* Acute: high levels of neutrophils * Chronic: high levels of granulomas

Question 54

What type of cell death does apoptosis cause?

Answer 54

Does not cause inflammation

Question 55

What types of cell death cause inflammation?

Answer 55

* Pyroptosis * Necroptosis

Question 56

What causes fever?

Answer 56

Pyrogens

Question 57

What are the two types of pyrogens?

Answer 57

* Endogenous: cytokines * Exogenous: microbial components

Question 58

What effects does fever enhance?

Answer 58

* Inflammatory response * Phagocytosis * Lymphocyte multiplication * Neutrophil attractants * IFN and antibody production

Question 59

What type of bacteria does fever kill?

Answer 59

Temperature-sensitive bacteria

Question 60

What is the maximum temperature for a fever?

Answer 60

≤ 37.8 degrees Celsius

Question 61

# Lymphocytes Neutrophils

Answer 61

55-65%

Question 62

# Lymph Eosinophils

Answer 62

2-4%

Question 63

# Lymph Basophils

Answer 63

0-1%

Question 64

# Lymph Monocytes

Answer 64

3-8%

Question 65

# Lymph Leukocytes

Answer 65

25-35%