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Applications of Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity Types

Natural

A
  • From Infection
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2
Q

Immunity Types

Artificial

A
  • From Immunizations
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3
Q

Artificial Types

Passive

A
  • Given antibodies
  • By Injection or pregnancy/brestfeeding
  • NO Immunilogical memory
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4
Q

Artificial Types

Active

A
  • Antigen Exposure
  • Leads to immunity and immuniological memory
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5
Q

Giving Passive Immunity?

A
  1. Antiserum –>(if with toxins) Antitoxins
  2. Immune globulin
    - IgG from many donors
    - Hyperimmune globulin: against specific disease
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6
Q

What is a Vax?

What is a Vax?

A

Active Immunity

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7
Q

What is a Vax?

Herd Immunity

A
  • Not enough hosts for the virus to spread
  • Protect unvax and immunocompromised
  • Decrease in childhood diseases
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8
Q

What is a Vax?

Vax Requirements

A
  1. Safe
  2. Few side effects
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8
Q

What is a Vax?

Attenuated

A
  • Weakened form of pathogen formed through mutations or genetic manipulations
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9
Q

Vax Types

Attentuated Advantages

A
  1. Only one dose required for long lasting immunity
  2. Immunize others through spreading
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10
Q

Vax Types

Attenuated Disadv

A
  1. Can mutate back to pathogenic form
  2. Requires refrigeration
  3. Not for pregnant women
  4. Can cause dissesed in immunosuppressed
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11
Q

Vax Types

Inactivated

A
  • Non replicable pathogen but still immunogenic
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12
Q

Vax Types

Inactivated Advantages

A
  1. Can’t cause disease
  2. Dont require refridge
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13
Q

Vax Types

Inactivated Disadv

A
  1. No replication –> Amplification
  2. Several boosters needed
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14
Q

Vax Types

Adjuvant

A
  • Enhances immune response to antigens
  • Provide danger signals to dendritic cells
  • trigger Immune response
  • Slowly release antigen
  • Not great in humans because causes huge immune response
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15
Q

Inactivated Types

Inactivated Whole Agent Vax

A
  • Killed microorg or inactivated viruses
  • Treated with formalin –> No significant change to surface epitopes
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16
Q

Inactivated Types

Toxoid

A
  • Against toxins
  • Remove toxins and retain antigenic epitopes
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17
Q

Inactivated Types

Subunit

A
  • Key protein anitgens or antigenic fragments
  • No cell parts to cause side effects
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18
Q

Inactivated Types

VLP(virus-like particle)

A
  • empty capsids
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19
Q

Inactivated Types

Recombinant subunit

A
  • Gen. engineered subunit vax
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20
Q

Inactivated Types

Polysacc

A
  • Contains Polysacc from capsules
  • Not effective in young children
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21
Q

Inactivated Types

Conjugate

A
  • add protein to polysacc –> t-dependent antigen
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22
Q

Inactivated Types

Nucleic acid-based

A
  • Based on DNA or mRNA from infection agent
  • Produced antigen in vivo –> immune response
23
Q

MMRV

A
  1. Measles
  2. Mumps
  3. Rubella
  4. Varicella
24
Q

DTaP-IPV-Hib

A
  1. Diptheria
  2. Tetnus
  3. Pertussis
  4. Polio
  5. Haemophilus Influenzae Type B
  6. HepB
25
Q

Immunotherapies

A
  • Can either increase or decrease immune response
  • Used in cancer treatment, but also infection and metabolic disease
  • PROBLEM: Major side effects
26
Q

Immunomodulators

Adjuvants

A
  • Increase immune system
  • Impact TLRs and treat skin cancer
27
Q

Immunomodulators

Cytokines

A
  • Direct Immune Cell Activities
  • IL-2: Proliferation of T cells
  • ILN-a: Increase tumor surveillance by T cells
28
Q

Immunomodulators

Checkpoint inhibitors

A
  • Reduce immune response
  • Revolutionized cancer treatments
29
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

-mab, MAb, mAb, mab

A
  • Antibodies made to from B-cell that responds to single epitope
  • Only in lab response
30
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibodies

rhuMab, -zumab

A
  • gen engineering animal based antibody molecule to make it for humans
  • has a longer half life and is less destroyed by human immune sys
31
Q

Passive Immunotherapy

A
  • Theraputic Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Gives immune responce necessary components
32
Q

Serology

Serum

A
  • Fluid portion of blood after clots
33
Q

Plasma

A

Portion of fluid treated to prevent clotting

34
Q

Seronegative

A
  • Has not encountered antigen
35
Q

Seropositive

A
  • Has had an infection recently or now to an antigen
36
Q

Immunoassay

A
  • Use antibody-antigen interactions to detect or quantify given antigens or antibodies
37
Q

Goals of Immunoassay

A
  1. ID unknown Pathogen
  2. Understanding if patient has current or past infection
38
Q

Titer

A
  • Last dilution that gives detectable antigen-antibody reaction
39
Q

Anti-human IgG antibodies

A
  • Produced by animals given IgG
  • Are invaluable to immunoassays as they prove the creation of IgG
39
Q

Polyclonal Antibodies

A
  • Found in nature
  • one B-cell has multiple epitopes recongnition and binding
40
Q

Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs)

A
  • Immuno-toxin theraputics
  • Mab tagged with drug or toxin delivered to specific cells in vivo
41
Q

Immunoassay types

Direct Immunoassays

A
  • Directly ID antigen
42
Q

Indirect immunoassays

A
  • Detect specific antibodies
43
Q

Fluorescent antibody (FA) test

A
  • Fluoresence microscopy to label antibodies bound to antigens
  • Can use different colored labels for multiple pathogens
44
Q

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA!!!) Types

or ELA

A

Direct and Indirect

45
Q

Pregnancy Test

A

Detect hCG

46
Q

Covid test: Direct ELISA

A

Spike antigen

47
Q

Indirect ELISA Testing

A
  • for antibodies to HIV: blood test
  • False positives –> Western Blotting test
48
Q

Fluorescence-activated cell sorter(FACS)

A
  • Counts and sorts cells with fluorescent antibodies
  • Can track HIV progression
49
Q

Aggultination reactions

A
  • antibodies crosslinking larger cells or molecules togther
50
Q

Direct Agglutination Test(DAT)

A
  • Antibody mixed with antigen
  • binding yields clumping
51
Q

Passive Aggultination

A
  • Small antigens
  • latex beads used to form larger aggregates
  • Attack to antibodies or antigens
52
Q

Precipitate reaction

A
  • Cross linking of antigens to antibodies
53
Q

Zone of optimal proportions

A
  • Area in gel where antigen and antibody conectrations are right to form precip
54
Q

Ouchterlony Technique

A
  • Demonstrate immunodiffusion test
  • shows zones of optimal proportions

MicroBio (7 decks)

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