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DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Lagging strands when DNA goes from 5’-3’ in backwards direction of helicase

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2
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

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3
Q

Stop Codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

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4
Q

tRNA start

A
  • Start at AUG
  • P-site
  • Form methionine
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5
Q

Inducible enzymes

A
  • Need to be started and are usually off
  • Lac operon
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6
Q

Repressible

A
  • To be stopped
    *
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7
Q

Ribosome Subunits

A

30s and 50s

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8
Q

Bond between Amino Acids

A

Peptide Bonds

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9
Q

tRNA matching site?

A

anticodon to mRNA codon

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10
Q

Pairs of Nucleotide bases

A

A:C
T/U : G

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11
Q

Polysome

A

Polyribosome
multiple ribosomes binding to mRNA strand
MAKES IT POLYCISTRONIC

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12
Q

Eukaryote mRNA

A
  1. pre-mRNA
  2. Protection at front(5’) with capping(methylated guanine)
  3. Protection at back(3’) with adenylation(200+ Adenines)
    STABLIZATION when exiting nucleus to go to ribosomes
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13
Q

Eukaryote Subunits

A

40S
60S

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14
Q

Bacteria vs Archaea

Differences

A
  • Bacteria: Can Peptidoglycan
  • Archaea: Doesn’t have peptidoglycan; can have pseudo-peptidoglycan and s-factors
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15
Q

Types of Eukaryotes

A
  • Algae
  • Protozoa
  • Fungi
  • Helminths
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16
Q

Acellular Organisms

Viruses

A
  • DNA or RNA
  • Have protein coat
  • Use host machinery and nutrients to replicate
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17
Q

Acellular Organisms

Viroids

A
  • RNA ONLY
  • No Protein Coat
  • Use host machinery and nutrients to replicate
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18
Q

Acellular Organisms

Prions

A
  • Only proteins
  • Cause normal cellular proteins to misfold
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19
Q

Speciation

Which species lack a cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

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20
Q

Speciation

What species produces endospores?

A
  • Bacillus
  • Clostridium
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21
Q

Speciation

What species are Acid-fast Stains done on?

A

Mycobacterium

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22
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagella surrounding

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23
Q

Speciation

Which species for diplococci

A

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

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24
Q

Polar

A

Flagellum on one end

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25
Q

Other Shapes!

A

Vibrio, spirillum, sporiochete, Pleomorphic

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26
Q

Speciation

What species forms Chains?

A

Streptococcus

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27
Q

Speciation

What species forms Packets?

A

Sarcina

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28
Q

Speciation

What does clusters

A

Staphylococcus

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29
Q

Outside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes

Flagella

30
Q

Outside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes

Pili

A
  • Fimbrae: Stickiness
  • Twitching or gliding motility
  • Sex: DNA transfer
31
Q

Outside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes

Capsule

A
  • Distinct and Gelatinous
  • Sticking and avoid defence city
32
Q

Outside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes

Slime layer

A
  • Diffuse and Irregular
  • Adhere to surfaces
33
Q

Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes

Gram-positive

A
  • Thick Peptidoglycan with NAM and NAG
  • Tetoic Acids and Lipotetoic acids
34
Q

Speciation

What are Gram-Positive species?

A
  • Bacillus
  • Staphylococcus
  • Streptococcus
35
Q

Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes

Gram-negative

A
  • Thin Peptidoglycan
  • Has outer membrane
  • Has LPS(lipidpolysaccharide)
36
Q

Inside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes

Chromosome

A

Carries genetic info of cell

37
Q

Inside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes

Plasmid

A
  • Only advantageous genetic information
38
Q

Inside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes

Endospore

A
  • Dormant cell
  • Resistant to everything
39
Q

Inside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes

Rest

A

Cytoskeleton, Gas Vesicles, Granules, Ribosomes

40
Q

Speciation

what are Gram-Negative species?

A
  • Escherichia
  • Neisseria
  • Pseudomonas
41
Q

T

Psychro-

A
  • COLD lovers
    • phile: -5–>15 degrees C
  • -troph: 15–>30 degrees
42
Q

T

Meso-

A

Middle
* -Phile: 25-45 degrees C

43
Q

T

Thermo-

A
  • HEAT
  • -phile: 45-70 degrees
  • hyper-/-phile: 70+ degrees
44
Q

O2

Aerobes

A

Want O2
* Obligate: Requires and has both superoxide desmutase and catalase
* Facultative: Does better with it but doesn’t need; has both

45
Q

O2

Anaerobes

A
  • Obligate: No O2; has neither superoxide desmutase and catalase
46
Q

O2

Special Cases

A
  • Microaerophile: Wants a little O2; has both superoxide desmutase and catalase in low quantites
  • Aerotolerant Anaerobe/Obligate Fermenters: Indifferent to O2; has superoxide desmutase not catalase
47
Q

pH

Neutrophile

A

neutral pH

48
Q

pH

Acidophile

A

Likes acidic pH(below 5.5)

49
Q

pH

Alkalophile

A

greater than 8.5

50
Q

Salt

Halotolerant

51
Q

Salt

Halophile

A

REALLY Salty

52
Q

Elements

A

C,H,O,N,P,S
* CHO: Carbs
* CHONP: Nucleic Acid
* CHONS: Amino Acids

53
Q

Speciation

What is a fastidious bacteria

54
Q

Quinones

A

Move electrons between complexes

55
Q

Cytochrome

56
Q

Flavoproteins

A

FAD synth and removal of their hydrogens

57
Q

Central Metabolic Pathways

Glycolysis

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate

58
Q

Central Metabolic Pathways

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

NADPH
Erythrose –> protein synth
ribose –>DNA
glyceraldehyde –> glycolysis

59
Q

Central Metabolic Pathways

Transition Step

A

CO2 removed and NADH created
Acetyl CoA

60
Q

Central Metabolic Pathway

TCA Cycle

A

Krebs / Citric
2 CO2
6 ATP
6 NADH
6 FADH2
Precursor metabolites

61
Q

Direct Cell Counts

A

Direct Microscopic Count
Cell-counting instruments

62
Q

Viable Cell Counts

A
  • Plate Count
  • Membrane Filtration
  • Most Probable Number
63
Q

Measuring Biomass

A
  • Turbidity
  • Total Weight
64
Q

Speciation

What lacks electron transport chain?

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

65
Q

Bacteria DNA Replication

DNA Gyrase

A

Stops spiraling of DNA

66
Q

DNA Replication

DNA ligase

A

Attaches okazaki fragments

67
Q

DNA Replication

DNA polymerase

A

lays down nucleotides for replication

68
Q

DNA Replication

Helicases

69
Q

DNA

Primase

A

Makes primer from RNA

70
Q

DNA REp

Primer

A

Starting point for DNA polymerase

71
Q

DNA repilcation

Replisome

A

Complex of enzymes and other porteins that synth/copies DNA

72
Q

Where does TCA happen in the gram negative cell

MicroBio (6 decks)

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