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Immunology > Innate cell responses to infection > Flashcards

Innate cell responses to infection Flashcards

1
Q

Where are unactivated monocytes located in the body?

A

Circulating in blood

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2
Q

What occurs when monocytes are activated?

A

They migrate to tissues and differentiate into macrophages

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3
Q

What type of macrophage is in the lungs?

A

Alveolar macrophage

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4
Q

What type of macrophage is in the brain?

A

microglial cells

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5
Q

Where are histiocytes located, and what type of innate immune cell lineage are they from?

A

Type of macrophage located in connective tissue

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6
Q

Where are kupffer cells located, and what type of innate immune cell lineage are they from?

A

Type of macrophage located in liver

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7
Q

What type of macrophages are in bone?

A

Osteoclasts

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8
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of a macrophage responding to infection?

A

Phagocytosis, becoming an APC

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9
Q

What 2 things happen to the pathogen in phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion then destruction

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10
Q

Where on the macrophage membrane does a pathogen attach?

A

Pseudopodia: membrane evagination (area folded inwards to form a pit)

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11
Q

After pathogen ingestion what vesicle is formed?

A

Phagosome

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12
Q

What cellular vesicle does the phagosome fuse with to digest the phagosomal content?

A

lysosome

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13
Q

What pathway is used to present bacterial antigens?

A

Exogenous pathway

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14
Q

How is the pathogen processed in the exogenous pathway?

A

extracellular pathogen is acquired, brought into cell then digested into antigenic fragments (peptides)

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15
Q

Which MHC class is used to present bacterial antigens?

A

MHC II

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16
Q

Which type of T cell is a bacterial antigen presented to?

A

Helper T cell

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17
Q

Which MHC class is used to present a viral antigen?

A

MHC I

18
Q

Which type of T cell is a viral antigen presented to?

A

Cytotoxic T cell

19
Q

Which pathway is used to present viral antigens?

A

endogenous

20
Q

How is the pathogen processed in the endogenous pathway?

A

Intracellular pathogen is degraded in the cytoplasm to antigenic fragments (peptides)

21
Q

Where do immature dendritic cells take up pathogens?

A

Infected peripheral tissues

22
Q

Where do mature dendritic cells migrate to?

A

Lymph nodes

23
Q

Why are dendritic cells better APCs than macrophages?

A

DCs have lower degradation potential, so antigens are preserved and can be presented for a longer time, so can activate more T cells

24
Q

What are 2 characteristic features of the granulocytic cell lineage?

A

Granular cytoplasm, multi-lobed nucleus

25
Q

What are the 2 main function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis, releasing antimicrobial factors

26
Q

What antimicrobial factors are released by neutrophils?

A

lactoferrin, Human alpha-Defensins

27
Q

What stimulates migration of neutrophils to sites of infection and inflammation?

A

Chemotaxis with IL-8

28
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Directed movement of cells in a gradient of chemoattractant (chemotactic factor)

29
Q

What is the chemotactic factor for neutrophils?

A

IL-8

30
Q

What percentage of circulating granulocytes is neutrophils?

A

95%

31
Q

What substance is neutrophils the major component of?

A

Pus

32
Q

Do neutrophils have a long life span?

A

No, they are short-lived

33
Q

When eosinophils, basophils and mast cells kill parasites, how do they recognise the target parasite?

A

IgE binds to parasite

34
Q

What process causes release of histamines from eosinophils, basophils and mast cells?

A

degranulation

35
Q

Where are mast cells found in the body?

A

Loose connective tissue

36
Q

What substance is released during allergic reactions to trigger inflammation?

A

cytokines

37
Q

What is the main function of Natural Killer cells?

A

recognise and destroy abnormal cells

37
Q

What are 2 types of abnormal cells targeted by NK cells?

A

malignant cells, viral cells

38
Q

How do NK cells recognise abnormal cells?

A

NK cells recognise lack of MHC I ligands expressed, as presence inhibits NK cells in normal cells

39
Q

What is a characteristic feature of NK cellular granules?

A

Cytotoxic

Immunology (7 decks)

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