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Immunology > Innate And Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Innate And Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define the immune system?

A

They are collection of cells and proteins that function to protect the skin, respiratory passages, intestinal tract and other areas against foreign antigens.

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2
Q

Name the two lines of defense of immunity?

A

Innate,
Adaptive.

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3
Q

Innate immunity represents the first line of defence
True/false

A

True

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4
Q

Which of the lines of immunity is an antigen-independent and non-specific defense mechanism?

A

Innate immunity

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5
Q

The innate immunity has an immunologic memory
True/false

A

False

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6
Q

Xteristics of innate immunity??

A
  1. It is antigen-independent.
  2. Used by the host immediately or within hours of encountering an antigen.
  3. Has no immunologic memory
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7
Q

Xteristics of Adaptive Immunity??

A
  1. It’s antigen dependent and specific.
  2. Has a lag time btw exposure to antigen and maximal response.
  3. Has immunologic memory.
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8
Q

What’s the importance of immunologic memory??

A

Hall Mark of Adaptive Immunity.
It enables the host to mount a rapid and efficient response on subsequent attack by an antigen.

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9
Q

Innate immunity comprises of four types of defense barriers which include??

A

Anatomic (skin, mucous membrane),
Physiologic (temp, low pH, chemical mediator),
Endocytic/ phagocytic,
Inflammation.

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10
Q

Which cells (antibodies) are involved in innate immunity?

A

Mast cells
Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophil)
Dendritic cell
Complement protein
Macrophages

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11
Q

Which cells (antibodies) are involved in both innate and Adaptive Immunity??

A

Gama T-cells
Natural killer T cells

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12
Q

Which cells (antibodies) are involved in adaptative immunity??

A

B and t lymphocytes

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13
Q

Describe the mechanism of innate immunity??

A
  1. It’s main fxn is recruitment of immune response to site of infections/inflammation by production of cytokines.
  2. Production of cytokines leads to release of antibodies, proteins and glycoproteins which activate complement system, making antigens susceptible to phagocytosis.
  3. Promotes clearance of dead cell and antibody complexes.
  4. Can activate Adaptive immune response through antigen presentation.
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14
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small proteins involved in cell-cell mediators.

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15
Q

What is the fxn of the complement system?

A

It’s a biochemical cascade that fxns to identify and opsonise antigens making them susceptible to phagocytosis.

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16
Q

What are the phagocytes involved in innate immune response?

A

Neutrophils, Macrophages.

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17
Q

What is the fxn of neutrophil??

A

Phagocytose antigen,

Contain granules that eliminate pathogenic microbes.

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18
Q

Which of the phagocytes live longer??

A

Macrophages

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19
Q

Fxns of Macrophages?

A

Phagocytose, present the antigens to t cells.

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20
Q

Macrophages present in the liver is called??

A

Kupffer cells

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21
Q

Macrophages present in the connective tissue is??

A

Histiocytes

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22
Q

Fxn of Dendritic cells?

A

Phagocytose,
Act as APCs,
Act as important messengers btw innate and Adaptive Immunity.

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23
Q

Fxn of mast cells and basophils??

A

Share features that are important in the initiation of acute inflammatory response such as allergy and asthma.

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24
Q

Where do mast cells reside??

A

Connective tissue surrounding blood vessels.

25
Q

Where do basophils reside??

A

In circulation.

26
Q

Fxn of eosinophils?

A
  1. Phagocytose,
  2. Destruction of parasites too large to be phagocytosed,
    3.Together with mast cells and basophils, they control mechanisms involved in allergy and asthma.
27
Q

Fxn of NK- calls??

A

Rejection of tumors,

Destruction of cells infected with viruses

28
Q

Nk-cells is also known as??

A

Large granular lymphocytes(LGLs)

29
Q

What are the enzymes released from NK - cells that Induce apoptosis?

A

Perforins, granzymes

30
Q

Macrophages found in pulmonary alveolus is called?

A

Dust cells

31
Q

Macrophages found in neural tissue is called?

A

Microglial cells.

32
Q

Macrophages found in kidney is called?

A

Mesenglial cells

33
Q

Macrophages found in bone is called??

A

Osteoclasts.

34
Q

Which cell (antibody) has a nucleus that is kidney shaped?

A

Monocytes.

35
Q

Which cell (antibody) has has the shortest lifespan?

A

Neutrophils

36
Q

What are the primary fxns of Adaptive Immunity response?

A
  1. Recognition of specific non self antigens.
  2. Generation of pathogen specific immunologic effector pathways that eliminate specific pathogens.
  3. Development of immunologic memory that can eliminate specific pathogens should subsequent infections occur.
37
Q

Where are T-cells derived from?

A

Haematopioetic stem cells in bone marrow and mature in the thymus.

38
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of T cells.

A
  1. They express a unique antigen binding receptor of their membrane called T cell receptor.
  2. They require axn of APCs to recognise a specific antigen.
  3. The MHC expressed by the APC displays fragments of antigens when a cell is infected with/ has phagocytosed a foreign protein.
  4. T cells are activated when they encounter an APC that has digested an antigen and is displaying antigen fragments.
  5. This activates the TCR and causes the t cells to secrete cytokines.
  6. It also causes the t cells to differentiate into either Cd4 or cd8.
  7. Clonal expansion of cd8 cells produce effector cells which release perforins, granzyme and granulysin.
  8. Upon resolution, most effector cells die and cleared by phagocytosis. Some are retained as memory T cells.
39
Q

What is the fxn of cd8 cells??

A

Primarily involved in destruction of infected cells.

40
Q

Cd4 and cd8 cells are also known as?

A

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells respectively.

41
Q

Fxn of granulysin?

A

Induces apoptosis of target cells.

42
Q

APCs express a cell surface protein known as?

A

major histocompactibility complex (MHC).
MHC is divided into MHC class I and MHC class II.

43
Q

MHC class I is also known as?

A

Human leukocyte antigen A B and C.

It is found on all nucleated cells.

44
Q

MHC class II is also known as?

A

HLA DP DQ DR.

Found in macrophages, Dendritic cells and B cells.

45
Q

Class I MHC presents endogenous (intracellular) peptides

True/false

A

True

46
Q

Fxn of helper T cells?

A

Mediate immune response by directing other cells to perform the immune fxn

47
Q

How are helper T cells activated?

A

TCR recognition of antigen bound to class II MHC

48
Q

The Th1 response by helper T cells is characterised by??

A

Activation of interferon gamma which activates bactericidal axn of Macrophages and other cytokines that make b cells produce opsonising and neutralising antibodies.

49
Q

Th2 response is characterised by??

A

Release of cytokines (interleukin 4,5,13) which are involved in activation of immunoglobulin E, antibody producing B cells, mast cells, eosinophils

50
Q

Imbalance of Th2 cytokine production is associated with??

A

Atopic (allergic) conditions

51
Q

What is the function of T reg??

A

Limits and suppresses the immune system.

52
Q

What is the principal fxn of b cells?

A

Production of antibodies against foreign antigens

53
Q

Mechanism of axn of b cells?

A
  1. Arise from haematopioetic stem cells in the bone marrow
  2. Leave the marrow expressing a unique binding receptor
  3. They do not need APCs but recognise free antigens directly.
  4. When activated, undergo proliferation and differentiate into plasma or memory cells
  5. Memory cells are long lived and eliminate an antigen upon re exposure. Plasma cells are short lived and undergo apoptosis once foreign antigen is eliminated, they don’t express antigen binding site.
54
Q

The specific part of an antigen recognised by an immune receptor os called?

A

Epitope.

55
Q

What are the harmful effects of immune system?

A

Immunosuppression/ deficiencies.

Damage to self

Discomfort (inflammation)

56
Q

Cells of myeloid lineage are responsible for which response?

A

Innate immune response.

57
Q

Th1 induces b cells to make which antibodies?

A

IgG1 and IgG3

58
Q

Th2 induces b cells to make which antibodies??

A

IgG4 and IgE

Immunology (5 decks)

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