Injury Mechanisms and Classification Flashcards
Most common type of injuries?
- 90% musculoskeletal
3 ways injuries can occur?
- Mechanical (physical injury)
- Biological Agents
- Chemical Agents
What is trauma and how does it occur?
- Physical injury or wound produced by External or Internal force.
- Occurs when force is greater than the tissue can withstand.
What is Inflammation and the 5 signs?
Body’s response to injury.
1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Heat
4. Pain
5. Loss of function
Acute vs Chronic injury
- Acute injuries only last for a short period of time. (sudden onset)
- Chronic injuries are long term injuries.
Load
- External Force acting on internal tissues
Stiffness
Ability of tissue to resist a particular load.
What is Hooke’s Law
- Strain is proportional to the stress producing it (as long as the strain is not too great - once that limit is exceeded, change occurs)
Stress
- Internal resistance to external load
Strain
- How much the shape of the tissue changes after loading.
Yield Point
Elastic limit of tissue
What is Plastic Change?
- Change in the tissue that lasts after load is removed.
- When this occurs over time, it is called creep.
What is mechanical failure?
Exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain causing tissue to breakdown.
What are the 5 types of tissue loads?
- Compression
- Tension
- Shearing
- Bending
- Torsion
Compression
- External loads are applied toward on another on opposite sides of the structure.
- Shortens and widens the structure.
Tension
- Force that pulls or stretches tissue
Shearing
- Equal load is applied to apposing surfaces forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions.
Bending
- External force is applied to a joint causing a bend.
Torsion
- Twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends of a structure cause a shear stress over the entire cross section of that structure.
Soft tissue vs. Hard tissue
- Hard tissue: Bone fracture
- Soft tissue:
a. Ligament
b. Muscle
c. Cartilage
d. Bursa
e. Nerve
What are the functions of Bones?
- Protects organs
- Stores minerals
- Helps as lever to provide movement to skeletal muscles.
What is cortical in the bone?
- Dense outer surface of skeletal bone.
- High resistance to bending and torsion.
What is trabecular in the bone?
- Internal tissue of bone (spongy)
- House bone marrow
What are the 6 fracture classifications?
- Greenstick: incomplete break, usually adolescents.
- Comminuted: 3 or more fragment sites
- Linear: Jumping from a height, line going straight down.
- Transverse: Direct blow
- Oblique: Torsion or twisting
- Spiral: Rotational/twisting force
What is the Epiphyseal plate?
- Growth plate of Bone
- Housed on the end of each bone.
- Determines the future growth and shape of each bone.
Osteoarthritis
- Degenerative joint disease in which the tissues in the joint break down over time.
Ligament
Bone to Bone
Tendon
Muscle to bone
Sprain
Ligament
Strain
Muscle or tendon
What are the degrees of injury?
- Grade 1: Stretch, ligament stretched or slightly torn
- Grade 2: Partial Tear, Ligaments partially torn
- Grade 3: Complete rupture, ligaments completely torn.
Hyaline Cartilage location and function
- Helps bones move smoothly past each other in your joints.
- Most common type of cartilage found on joints, ribs, nose, etc.
Fibrocartilage location and function
- Location: Meniscus in knee, discs between vertebrae, supporting muscles, tendon, ligaments.
- Function: Consists of tissue that provides smooth surface for articulation and to facilitate transmission of loads with low friction
Connective Tissue
- Found in joints and intervertebral disc, acts as shock absorber.
Circumferential Cartilage
- Present in the form of a ring to improve bony fit
Labrum
- Type of cartilage found in shoulder and hip joint, provides support
Bursa (bursitis)
- Small fluid filled sac that reduce friction between moving parts in joints
