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Pathology > Injury > Flashcards

Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Hypertrophy is the organ and cell size increase.

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2
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Hyperplasia is the number of cells and organ size increases.

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3
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Atrophy is the cell no. and size decreases.

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4
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Metaplasia is when the cell is replaced.

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5
Q

What is an angina?

A

An angina is when arteries narrow, restricting blood flow. Moderate exercise will cause further restriction, resulting in chest pain and infarction.

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6
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Ischemia is the loss of blood supply to tissue.

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7
Q

What’s a myocardial infarction?

A

Myocardial infarction is an irreversible injury of the cardiac muscle cells.

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8
Q

How does myocardial infarction occur?

A
  1. Myocardial infarction occurs when there is damage to the myocytes.
  2. Causes a release of intracellular proteins into the blood
  3. Blood vessels are constricted as atherosclerotic plaques form and occlude the coronary arteries.
  4. Heart pumps more, causing it to thicken
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9
Q

What is the evidence for cell injury?

A

Evidence for cell injury includes;

  • Cell is swollen
  • Membrane blebs
  • Chromatin clumps
  • Fatty change occurs -> lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm
  • ER and mitochondria changes
  • Nuclear alterations
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10
Q

What are the functional changes that occur with cell injury?

A

Function Changes with Cell Injury:

  • Glycolysis
  • Protein synthesis
  • Lipid degradation
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11
Q

What are the biochemical changes that occur with cell injury?

A

Biochemical changes that occur with cell injury:

  • ATP generation
  • ROS levels
  • Glucose concentration
  • Intracellular ions
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12
Q

What are the steps in cell injury?

A
  1. ATP decreases causing synthesis and degradation
  2. Damage to mitochondria alters the ATP supply
  3. Calcium influx occurs
  4. Reactive oxidative species accumulate
  5. Mitochondria loses function -> affecting plasma and lysosomes membranes also
  6. DNA and protein damage induces cell death if it can’t be repaired.
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13
Q

What is haematoxylin stain used for?

A

Haematoxylin stains acids blue/ purple. Includes nucleic acids (DNA, RNA).

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14
Q

What is eosin dye used for?

A

Eosin dye stains basic structures red/pink. This includes proteins.

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15
Q

What are some morphological features of cell injury?

A

Morphological features of cell injury:

  • Cell retains water and swells, as ATP channels no longer work
  • Fat vacuoles form causing fatty change
  • ER and mitochondria damage
  • Nuclear alterations
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16
Q

What happens to the pH of a cell when the plasma membrane breaks?

A

When the plasma membrane of a cell breaks, the osmotic balance is lost, causing swelling. Then the lysosome ruptures, causing the pH of the cytoplasm to decrease as the lysosome has a lower pH.

17
Q

What can cause cellular injury?

A

Causes of cellular injury:

  • Decreased ATP
  • Damage to mitochondria
  • Influx of calcium
  • Accumulation of ROS
  • Membrane damage
  • DNA and protein damage, causing the cell to undergo apoptosis
18
Q

What happens when ATP is reduced?

A

When ATP is reduced…

1) . Na+ pump decreases as it has no energy source. Causing an influx of Ca2+ and K+, the endoplasmic reticulum will swell. Micro-villi is lost and blebbing occurs.
2) . Ribosomes will detach, proteins will then misfold and apoptosis is triggered
3) . Reliance on anaerobic glycolysis causes production of acids and therefore, lowers pH. Resulting in the clumping of chromatin (proteins misfold).

19
Q

What happens when there is damage to the mitochondria membrane?

A

1) . Damage to the mitochondria membrane will cause the membrane potential to be lost. Electron transport chain cannot occur and results in an increased accumulation of ROS.
2) . Mitochondrial cytochrome C is activated, causing apoptosis

20
Q

What occurs when there is an influx of calcium into the cell?

A

1). When there is an increased influx of calcium, enzymes are activated.
This increases activity of phospholypaze, protease, endonuclease and ATPase.
Causing further memebrane damage, nuclear damage and decreased ATP.
2). Ca2+ activates caspases in apoptopic pathway

21
Q

What occurs when there is an increased amount of ROS?

A

Increased ROS means membrane is broken down and DNA mutates, as ROS react with fatty acids and proteins.

22
Q

What occurs with hypoxia?

A

Hypoxia:
Decreased O2 -> Decreased aerobic respiration -> decreased ATP -> decreased ATP dependent transport -> . Ca+ (breakdown macromolecules), Na+ and water influx AND decreased macromolecule synthesis-> decrease in phospholipids and proteins -> damage to cell membrane and abnormal cytoskeleton -> irreversible damage

Increase anaerobic respiration -> decreased pH

Pathology (11 decks)

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