Inflammation Flashcards
How are microbes recognised?
PAMPs respond to lipopolysccharides, lipoteichoic acid, unique surface antigens and viral RNA. DAMP respond to uric acid from DNA breakdown, ATP in the mitchondira and decrease of K+ concentration due to the breakdown of ion channels.
What occurs once DAMPs and PAMPs recognise microbes?
Chemical mediators / histamines are released from mast cells and basophils.
What do chemical mediators cause during inflammation?
The release of chemical mediators/ histamines cause vascular and cellular changes.
Vascular changes - Vasodilation, increased permeability and stasis
Cellular Changes - Margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration and chemotaxis.
What happens during inflammation after the vascular and cellular changes? What occurs next?
After these changes, leukocytes and plasma proteins are recruited. These increase blood flow, causes engorement of capillary beds, erythema (redness) and warmth.
What is transudate?
Transudate is the fluid build up that arises due to hydrostatic pressure during inflammation. Permeability is lowered, meaning large proteins can’t leave the cell, causing protein count to in the fluid to be low.
What can transudate lead to?
Transudate can lead to left ventricular heart failure.
How does exudate form?
Exudate forms due to inflammation and increased permeability of the capillaries. It has a high protein and LDH count.
What can exudate lead to?
Exudate can lead to pneumonia and inflammation.
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
The cardinal signs of inflammation are.. heat, redness, swelling, pain and loss of function.
What is stasis?
Stasis is decreased blood flow speed and return.
What is leukocyte margination?
Margination is when there is slowed blood flow, so the leukocytes are pushed to the margins of the blood vessels.
What is rolling?
Rolling is the weak transient adhering of the leukocytes to the vascular endothelium - where it begins to roll along the wall.
What are adhesions?
Adhesions is when the selectins, integrins and immunoglobulin bind to the leukocytes for migration to occur.
What is migration during inflammation?
Cross the endothelial cells -> Site of inflammation
Via the neutrophil transmigration squeeze - extend their pseudopods and push between endothelial cells.
What happens at the site of injury?
Lymphocytes will decrease lymph flow, drain edema, drains the cell debris and microbes.
