injuries of the foot and ankle region

Question 1

the only points of contact of the foot with the ground should be:

Answer 1

digit 1, digit 5

Question 2

what are the 3 predisposing factors for lateral ankle sprains?

Answer 2

• lateral malleolus projects further downward, weakness in peroneals, habitual patterning and posture

Question 3

what ligament is most commonly involved in lateral ankle sprains?

Answer 3

anteriortalofibular ligament

Question 4

in an inversion ankle sprain, plantar flexion and inversion involves the ______________ ligament. Neutral in inversion involves the _________ ligament. Dorsiflexion and inversion involves the ____________ ligament

Answer 4

anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posteriortalofibular ligament

Question 5

describe phase 1 of a lateral ankle sprain treatment (5)

Answer 5

-rest
-ice
-horshoe around malleolus for compression, wrap a tensor bandage around the ankle
- preventative taping
-crutches for walking

Question 6

describe phase 2 of lateral ankle sprain treatment (5)

Answer 6

• modalities
  -deep friction massage
  -stretching and strengthening
  -propiorception exercises
• bracing a taping

Question 7

describe phase 3 of lateral ankle sprain treatment (1)

Answer 7

progression of stretching, strengthening exercises

Question 8

medial ankle sprain often results in ________ (1)

Answer 8

multiple malleoli being fractured

Question 9

most common mechanism of injury for a medial ankle sprain is _________ and _________ of the ankle

Answer 9

dorsiflexion and eversion

Question 10

medial ankle sprains can also involve a tear of the __________ and ___________ membrane

Answer 10

ATFL and interosseous membrane

Question 11

what are a couple pre-disposing factors to medial ankle sprains? (2)

Answer 11

• excessive pronation (flat footed)
• hypermobile foot

Question 12

medial ankle sprains often involve pain with passive _________ of the ankle

Answer 12

dorsiflexion

Question 13

shin splints is also known as __________________ (1)

Answer 13

medial tibial stress syndrome

Question 14

the most common muscles involved in medial tibial stress syndrome are: (3)

Answer 14

soleus, tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior

Question 15

in medial tibial stress syndrome, _____________ occurs along the tibial border at the soleus insertion and directly on the posterior and medial tibial border (1)

Answer 15

periostitis

Question 16

periostitis is often linked to excessive pronation causing an eccentric contraction of the ___________

Answer 16

soleus

Question 17

what are a few of the common causes of medial tibial stress syndrome? (6)

Answer 17

-overuse
-changes in training
- running on hard surface
- proper footwear
-repetitive jumping
- running on a banked surface

Question 18

what are some of the common signs and symptoms of medial tibial stress syndrome? (3)

Answer 18

-progressive pain
- palpable tenderness along the posteromedial side of the tibia
- pain with active/passive/resistance depedning on the muscles involved

Question 19

compartment syndromes can be ______ in nature, due to ________, or be ________ induced

Answer 19

acute, trauma, exercise induced

Question 20

briefly describe exertional compartment syndrome? Seen in people under the age of _______

Answer 20

exercise induced pain that is relieved by rest, usually seen in people under the age of 40

Question 21

acute compartment syndrome is most common in the ___________ compartment

Answer 21

anterior

Question 22

what are some of the common signs and symptoms of acute compartment syndrome (there are many)

Answer 22

• history of trauma
  -excessive exercise
• vascular injury
• dull ache and sense of fullness in the compartmetn
• numbness between the 1st and 2nd webspace of toes or over entire dorsum
• palpable tenderness and mass over the area
• decreased dorsalis pedis pulse

Question 23

in acute compartment syndrome, there is weakness with resistance testing of _______ and ______ of the ankle (2)

Answer 23

dorsiflxion and eversion

Question 24

Also, in acute compartment syndrome, there is decreased extension of the ____________(1)

Answer 24

first toe

Question 25

what is a common treatment for acute compartment syndrome? (1)

Answer 25

fasciotomy

Question 26

what are some of the risk factors for achilles tendonitis/tendonosis? (4)

Answer 26

-tight heel cords =foot misalignment -recent changes in running shoes or form, -sudden increases in load

Question 27

what eccentric exercise may be beneficial for people recovering from achilles tendon injuries?

Answer 27

eccentric heel drops

Question 28

achilles tendon ruptures are most common between the ages of _____ and _______

Answer 28

30 and 50

Question 29

plantar fasciitis effects around ______ of runners

Answer 29

10%

Question 30

training errors, improper footwear, unyielding hard surfaces , are all extrinsic causes of ______________

Answer 30

plantar fasciitis

Question 31

pes cavus/planus, decreased plantar flexion strength, decreased flexibiltiy of calf mm., ______________, ______________ are all intrinsic causes of plantar fasciitis

Answer 31

excessive pronation, torsional malalignments

Question 32

in plantar fasciitis, there is pain _____________ with the first few steps and the pain ________ after _________

Answer 32

first thing in the morning, decreases after walking

Question 33

in plantar fasciitis, there is pain with passive ______ of the toes and passive _________ of the ankle

Answer 33

extension, dorsiflexion