Initial Wound Management in Animals

Question 1

The first step in wound management is assessment of the overall stability of the animal.

Question 2

A _______cuff, instead of a tourniquet, should be used in cases of severe arterial bleeding; the cuff should be inflated until hemorrhage is controlled.

Answer 2

pneumatic cuff

Question 3

is also indicated for pain relief.

Answer 3

Analgesia

Question 4

Wound lavage serves two purposes. Irrigation of the wound washes away both visible and microscopic debris.

Question 5

is most effective when delivered under appropriate pressure

Answer 5

Wound lavage

Question 6

gram-negative bacteria may become resistant to this drug.

Answer 6

chlorhexidine

Question 7

is an effective antiseptic, but it has minimal residual activity and may be inactivated by purulent debris

Answer 7

Povidone-iodine

Question 8

is toxic to healthy tissue and should not be used for lavage of wounds.

Answer 8

hydrogen peroxide

Question 9

After wound preparation and hair removal, _________ can be performed

Answer 9

debridement

Question 10

may involve removal of large segments of tissue (nonselective) or may be performed in a more selective manner, enabling preservation of specific tissues. Skin and local tissue viability should be assessed before any attempted debridement. Skin that is blue-black, leathery, thin, or white is usually not viable. This necrotic tissue should be sharply excised.

Answer 10

Debridement

Question 11

is the simplest method of wound management, it should be used only in appropriate situations to avoid wound complications.

Answer 11

primary closure

Question 12

Minimally contaminated wounds may be closed after _______ hours. Longer periods may be required for heavily infected wounds.

Answer 12

24–72 hours

Question 13

Wounds closed >5 days after the initial wounding are considered to be _________. This implies that granulation tissue has begun to form in the wound before closure.

Answer 13

secondary closure

Question 14

Longitudinal degloving injuries of the extremities are especially amenable to open wound management.

Question 15

has been used as an inexpensive wound dressing for more than three centuries to control odor and infection.

Answer 15

Sugar

Question 16

has also been used for wound dressings for centuries. Some of the beneficial effects are a result of high osmolality, low pH, and hydrogen peroxide activity. However, the major contribution to antibacterial activity is methylglyoxal

Answer 16

Honey

Question 17

from the manuka bush in New Zealand has the highest methylglyoxal levels and is believed to the most effective for medicinal purposes.

Answer 17

Leptospermum honey

Question 18

has been used as a topical agent in various formulations for several hundred years. It is available in a cream (silver sulfadiazine) or in the newer form as nanocrystalline silver, which is generally embedded within the dressing

Answer 18

Silver

Question 19

The primary benefit is its antimicrobial effects and therefore is indicated for use in the inflammatory phase. The newer formulations may also have some antiinflammatory benefits by stimulating angiogenesis.

Answer 19

silver

Question 20

(usually in ointment formulation) are proteolytic compounds used to liquefy necrotic tissue. These agents are used in the inflammatory phase of healing. Their application is indicated in cases where surgical debridement may be detrimental. In addition to the expense, enzymatic debridement action can be slow.

can cause maceration of healthy tissue if left in prolonged contact.

Answer 20

Enzymatic agents

Question 21

are used during the inflammatory stage of wound healing to remove necrotic tissue and debris

Answer 21

Medicinal maggots

Question 22

It debride necrotic tissue by secreting several proteolytic enzymes to liquefy the debris.

also have a beneficial effect by ingesting bacteria. Finally, some of the secretions may also inhibit biofilm formation.

Answer 22

maggots

Question 23

Maggot therapy may be contraindicated in dry wounds and should not be the primary therapy in a septic patient.

Question 24

The common fly is used as the source of medical grade maggots.

Answer 24

green bottle fly (Lucilia sericata)

Question 25

is not commonly used at this time and may be expensive. In addition to the maggots, a biobag must be used to prevent their movement off the patient.

Answer 25

Maggot therapy