Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Inheritance & Biotech > Flashcards

Inheritance & Biotech Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Chlorosis?

A

leaves of plant look pale/yellow due to cells not producing the normal amount of chlorophyll - this reduces the plants ability to photosynthesise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Animal Body Mass

A

determined by Combination of both Genetic and Environmental factors
Environmrntal: amount & quality of food eaten, Quantity of Exercise, Disease.
Genetic: Obese Mouse has a mutation on chromosome 3 which causes the pattern of fat deposition to change and leaves the individual fatter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Genetic Variation?

A

Diversity in gene frequencies.

Rises as a result of mutation and is Essential to Natural Selection & Evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What determines the Individual mixture of alleles an organism inherits/Genetic Variation?

A

Meiosis - Crossing-over & Independent assortment

Random Fertilisation/Fusion of gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Homozygous

A

2 identical alleles for a characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles for a characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Continuous Variation?

A

A characteristic can take any value between 2 extrems.
Polygenetic
E.G. Height, Weight, Leaf surfaces area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Discontinuous Variation?

A

A characteristic can only appear in specific (discrete) values/groups.
One or Two genes
E.G. Blood group, Albinism, round/wrinkled pea shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True breeds / Pure Breeds

A

Organisms that contain homozygous alleles for a particular gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two Breeding individuals are crossed:

A

all offspring are Heterozygous

F1 Generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two Heterozygous individuals are crossed:

A

3:1 (Dominant:Recessive)

F2 Generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Codominance

A

Occurs when two alleles occur for a gene an both are equally dominant, so both are expressed in the phenotype of the organism.
E.G. Snapdragon flowers
heteroxygous = Pink flowers
alleles represented in superscript on letter representing gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Multiple Alleles

A 
Some genes have More than 2 Versions.
E.G. Blood Group; antigen A, B, & O
A and B are codominant, O is recessive
A = AA or AO
B = BB or BO
AB = AB
O = OO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Determining Sex

A

Sperm that fertilises the egg (X) will have an X or Y chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sex Linked Genes

Sex Linkage

A

Characteristics determined by genes carried on Sex Chromosomes.
Y is smaller than X so tere are many genes on the X that men only have 1 of, leading to characteristics caused by a recessive allele (on the missing section of the X) occurs more frequently in males, since females are likely to also have a dominant allele present in their cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Haemophillia?

A

Sex-linked genetic disorder
caused by Recessive allele = most sufferes are male
Blood clots slowly due to absence of a protein blood-clotting factor.
Heterozygous females = Carriers (do not suffer)

17
Q

What is Dihybrid inheritence?

A

Inheritence of 2 genes

Shown by a dihybrid cross

18
Q

What is a Dihybrid Cross?

A 
Four alleles (2 for each characteristic) are shown at each stage,
Expected ratio for 4 different phenotypes F2 = 9:3:3:1
19
Q

Why does the Expected and Actual ratios differ?

A

Fertilisation of Gametes is Random
Small sample may skew ratio
Linked Genes - genes studied are on the same chromosome.

20
Q

What is Autosomal Linkage?

A

linked genes on a non-sex chromosome
Linked genes are inherited as one unit together - there is no independent assortment unkess the alleles are separtaed by chiasma between (unlikely)

21
Q

What are Recombinant Offspring?

A

offspring with a Different Combination of Alleles than either Parent
- unlikely to be produced when genes are close/linked

22
Q

Chi-Squared Test

A

statistical test which measures the size of the difference between the observed and expected results.
It helps determine if the differences are significant or not; prove or disprove null hypothesis (Significant difference?)

23
Q

Large chi-squared value

A

= statistically significant difference between the observed and expectred results
Probability that difference are due to Chance is Low
- there must be another reason

24
Q

calculation for Degrees of Freedom

A

n-1

n = number of categories or possible outcomes (e.g. phenotypes)

25
Q

Critical Values Table

A

D.F. = n - 1
p values: 5% significance (p=0.05)
IF chi-squared value is LESS than the critical value at 5% significance, the Null Hypothysis CAN NOT be Rejected (accept null hyp.) = No Significant Difference
IF chi-squared value is MORE than the critical value at 5% significance, the Null Hypothysis is REJECTED = some other factor is causing a Significant Difference

26
Q

What is Epistasis?

A

the Interaction of Genes at Different Loci.
Gene Regulatiopn is a form of Epistasis, with regulatory genes controlling the activity of structural genes.
Many genes interact Epistatically.

27
Q

Define ‘Epistatic Gene’

A

a Gene that Affects the Expression of another gene

28
Q

Define ‘Hypostatic Gene’

A

a Gene Affected By Another Gene

29
Q

Recessive Epistasis

A

When a Recessive allele of one gene Masks the Effects of either allele of the Next gene
- if the presence of 2 Recessive alleles at a gene locus led to the lack of an enzyme

30
Q

Dominant Epistasis

A

When a Dominant Allele of one gene masks the expression of all alleles of another gene
Only takes One dominant allele for the organism to have the trait

31
Q

Natural Plant Cloning

A

Bulbs
Runners
Rhizomes
Stem Tubers

32
Q

Bulbs

A

Leaf base swells with food stores
Buds form internally, which develop into new shoots and new plants in the next growing season
e.g. Daffodils

33
Q

Runners

A

Lateral stem grows away from the plant
Roots develop where runner touches ground & new plant develops
Runner eventually withers, leaving a new plant
e.g. Spider plants or strawberries

34
Q

Rhizomes

A

a specialised horizontal stem running underground, often swollen with food stores.
Buds develop and form new vertical shoots, which become independent plants
e.g. Marram Grass

35
Q

Stem Tubers

A

The Tip of an underground Stem becomes Swollen with Food stores, forming a tuber or storage organ.
Buds on the Storage organ Develop to produce New Shoots, e.g. Eyes on a potato.

36
Q

Natural Clones in Horticulture

A

split bulbs
remove plants from runners
cutring up rhizomes

37
Q

Cuttings

A

= short sections of stems are taken and planted into pots or the ground.
Rooting Hormone may be applied at base of cutting to encourage growth of new roots
+fast
+guarenteed quality of plant
-lack of genetic variation

38
Q

Causes of Chlorosis

A

Lack of light
Mineral deficiency
Viral infection

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions