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Biology > inheritance: b6 inheritance and genetics > Flashcards

inheritance: b6 inheritance and genetics Flashcards

1
Q

what is DNA?

A

DNA is a polymer made from four different neucleotides

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2
Q

what does each neucleotide consist of?

A

each neucleotide consist phostape group, sugar, one of the four bases attached to the sugar

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3
Q

what are the four bases of DNA?

A

A T C G

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4
Q

what is the structure of DNA ?

A

a polymer made up of 2 strnds foriming a double helix and contained in structures called chromosomes.

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5
Q

what is a gene

A

small section of DNA on a chromosome and each genes codes for a particular sequnece of amino acids to make a specific protien.

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6
Q

what is a genome of an organism?

A

the Genome of a organism is the entire genetic material of that organism

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7
Q

what is the human genome?

A

the entire genetic material that makes a human

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8
Q

what is the benefits of understanding the human genome?

A
  • will help us to search for genese that are linked to a disease
  • will help us to underdtand and treat inherited disorders e.g cystic fibrosis
  • to trace human migration patters from past to discover their ancestry
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9
Q

which ones are the gamates in human and which one is for a flowering plant?

A

human= sperm and egg
flowering plant= pollen and cells

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10
Q

how are gamates made?

A

from a type of cell division called meiosis

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11
Q

what kind of cells identical or non identical does mitosis produce and which one does meiosis produce?

A

meiosis= non identical
mitosis= identical

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12
Q

sexual reproduction involves…….. fusion..?

A

involves the fusion of male and female gamates which is called fertilistaion.

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13
Q

what leads to variation in an offspring?

A

sexual reproduction there is a kixing of genetic information as all gamates are different so their is a variety

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14
Q

what does asexual reproduction involve?

include how many are involved? what type of cell divison?

A
  • involve one parent
  • no fusion of gamates
  • no mixing of genetic information so lead to identical offsprings
  • mitosis is involved
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15
Q

how does meiosis halve the number of chromosome in the gamates?

A
  • before cell divides it duplicates its genetic information
  • first division chromosomes pairs line up in the middle
    pair are pulled aaprt, each new cell has one copy chromosme each
    * second division chromsome line up again in the centre, pulled apart
  • four gamates each with only a single set of chromosome each and each is genetically different
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16
Q

cells in reproductive organs divide by what? to form gamates

A

cells in reproductive organs divide by meiosis to form gamates

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17
Q

what happenes to gamates at fertilisation?

A

they join to resotre the normla number of chrmososmes

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18
Q

where does meiosis take place?

A

only in the repoductive organ the testes and ovaries

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19
Q

what happens after fertilisation of gamates?

A

the new cell divdies by mitosos, the number of cells increase as identical cells are made called embryo.

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20
Q

what happen when embryo devolps?

A

cells differenticate making different cell types e.g nerve cells, muscle cells

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21
Q

what are the advantages in sexual reproduction?

A
  • produces varaiation in the offspring
  • if the enviroemt changes the varaition gives a survival advanatage by natural selection
  • natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production.
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22
Q

advanategs of asexaul reproduction?

A
  • only one parent needed
  • more time and energy effeicent as do not need to find a mate
  • faster than sexual reproduction
    many identical offsprings can be prodcued when conditions are favoruable
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23
Q

what organisms prodcue asexeully and sexually and how?

A
  • malaria parasite reproduce asexually in the human host but sexually in mosquito
  • fungi procuce asexually by spores but sexually to give variation
    plants pruce seeds sexually, reproduce asexually by runners such as strawberry plants or buld didvion ( such as daffodils)
24
Q

what do long starnd of DNA consist of?

A

long starnds of DNA consist of alternating sugar and phosphate section. attached to each sugar is a base

25
Q

what makes up the code for a particular amino acid?

A

a sequence of three bases

26
Q

what does the order of the bases control?

A

order of the bases control the order in which amino acids are assemebled to produce a particular protien.

26
Q

the DNA strands are ……… to each ohter?

A

the DNA strands are complemetry to each other

26
Q

decribe the first stage of protein sythesis

A
  • in the first stage transcription the base sequence of the gene is copied into a complemetary template molelcule - this is called Messenger RNA
First part
27
Q

where does the first and second stage of protein sythesis take place? and what are they called

A

first stage is called transcription= nuclues
second stage is called translation= cytoplasm

28
Q

what happnes in translation?

A
  • mRNA attaches to the ribosome
  • amino acids are brough to ribosome on carrier molelcules called transfer RNA
  • ribosome reads the triplets of bases and uses this to join the correct amino acids in the correct order
29
Q

what happens after protien chain is complete?
how does this help?

A
  • it fold up to form a unique shape which enables the protien to do their job as enxymes, hormones or forming structure in the body
30
Q

what is a mutation?

A

a change to a base

31
Q

how often do mutations occur?

A

continuosly

32
Q

what do mutations do?

A

most mutations only slightly change the protien but a few mutations code for an altered protien with a different shape.

33
Q

what happnes when a mutations changes the shape of the protien?

A

the enzyme will no longer fit the substrate bidning site or a structural protein may lose its strength

34
Q

what do the non coding parts of the DNA do?

A

They can switch the gesne of and on so variation in these areas of DNA may affect how the genses are expressed

35
Q

what are alleles?

A

alleles are genes which come in different veriosn

36
Q

what does the genotype do?

A

tells us the alleles present

37
Q

what does homozygous mean?

A

2 copies of the saem alleles

38
Q

what deos the phenotype tell us?

A

the characteris caused by these alleles

39
Q
A
39
Q
A
40
Q

what does hetrozygous mean?

A

having 2 different types of alleles

Bb

41
Q

what does dominant mean?

A

an allele which will be expressed even if there is only one present

42
Q

what does recessive mean?

A

both alleles need to be present in order for the allele to be expressed

43
Q

what is cytic fibrosis?

A

a disorder of cell memebranes caused my recessive alleles

44
Q

what is polydactyly? what is it caued by?

A

polydactyly is having extra finger or toes caused by a dominant allele

45
Q

what is a soloution to inherited disorders?

A

embryo screening

46
Q

what is embryo screening? why is it needed?

A

embryo screening is where embryos are tested to see if they have the allel for the inherited disorder and thoes who do not are implanted into the woman

47
Q
A
48
Q

what is the economical issue with embry screening?

A

people think it is too expensive and should be used in different parts of the health care service

49
Q

what is the ethical issue with embryo screening?

A

large number of embryos are created but only a small number are implanted this means healthy embroys are destroyeed which is unethical.

50
Q

what is a social issue of embryo screening?

A

a social issue is to people will produce offsprings with desirable features

51
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have in their normal body cells?

A

23 pairs

52
Q

what do the 22 pairs of chromoseomes do? and what does the other 1 pair do?

22 do something then 1 pair does something = 23 pairs

A

they control the charaterisicts but one pair carries the gene that determine the sex

53
Q

name the sex chrosmosme for femal and male?

A

male=xy
femal=xx

Biology (12 decks)

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