Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > homeostasis: Hormonal coordination in humans > Flashcards

homeostasis: Hormonal coordination in humans Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine system consist of?

A

the endocrine system consist of:
* glands which secretes chemicals called hormones directly into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a hormone?

A

a hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by the gland and it travles in the blood to a target organ where it causes a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

compare the endocrine system to the Ceneteral nervouse system?

A
  • the endocrine system uses chemical called hormones hwich are carried into the blood stream and the centeral nervouse system uses electricsl signals which travel through nuerons
  • CNS produces fast effect, endocrine is very slow but is more long lasting.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the pitutary gland?

A

the master gland which secretes several hormones into the blood in resposnse to the bodys conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is the pitutary gland based?

A

in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why is the pituatary gland called the master gland?

A

this is because the hormones which it secretes act on other glands to stimualte other hormones to be releases to bring effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the role of the pitautary gland?

A
  • controls human growth
  • stimulates the thyroid gland
  • stimualtes the ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the role of the pancrease?

A

seceretes hormone insulin and controls blood glucose level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the role of the throid gland?

A

it secretes the hormone thyroxine, controls the metabolism, heart rate and body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what si the role of the adrenal gland?

A

secretes adrenaline, controls the bodys flight or fight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the role of the ovaries?

A

secretes oestregon, which coordinates the mentral cylcle and devolpment of the female secondary sexual characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the role of the testes?

A

secretes testosterone, which coordinates the prodcution of the sperm and the devoplemt of the male secondary charateristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

on this diagram label everything

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which organ monitors the blood glucose concentration?

A

the pancrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does insulin control the blood gluscose level in the body?

high blood glucose level

A
  • the pancrease produces hormone called insulin
  • insulin causes the glucose to move from the blood into the cells
  • insulin triggers the live and muscle cells to store excess glucose
    excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored for storage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does the body handle low blood glucose level?

A
  • glucagon is secreted by the pancrease
  • glucagon triggers and makes the liver cells turn glycogen into glucose
  • glucose released into the blood by liver
  • blood glucose level increased

glucagon and glycogen are different wordss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

type one diabtets is a disorder when the pancrease fails to produce sufficieint insulin?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is type 1 diabetes bad?

A

this is bevcause insuffinent insulin leveles leads to uncontrollable high blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do your treate type 1 diabetes?

A

with insulin injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe type 2 diabetes?

A

type 2 diabtetes is when the body cells no longer reposnd to the insulin produced by the pancrease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

A

obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how can type 2 diabtetes be dealt with?

A

a carbohydrated controlled diet with and exercise routine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

comepare type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are 3 ways our body can lose water?

A
  • lose water through lungs when we exhale
  • water, ions and urea are lost from the kin through sweat
  • excess water, ions and urea are removed through the kidney in the urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why can our body not control how much water is lost by ions, urea, skin or lungs?

A

this is because sweating is part of our bodys temeprature control system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how can osmosis affect our cells in a negative way?

A

if our cells lose or gain too much water they will not fucntion efficiently?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how does the kidney remove urea?

A
  • the blood enters the kidney through an artery
  • kidney removes urea and excess ions and water
  • this leaves the urine to be stored into the bladder
  • the blood leaves through the veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the funtion of the kidney

A

removes excess water,ions and urea and adjusting the levels of water and ions in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how are excess amino acids excreted from the body?

A
  • in the liver the amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia
  • ammonia is toxic so it is converted to urea for safe excretion by the kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does deamination mean?

A

whne the liver breaks down the excess amino acids and produces the chemical ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how do the kidneys maintain the balance of water and other substances in the body?

A
  • filter the blood in order to remove water products
  • selectivly reabsorb the useful molelecules e.g glucose,water and ions
32
Q

what is the full name of the hormone ADH?

A

anti diuretic hormone

33
Q

whwre the the hormone ADH secreted?

A

the hormone adh is secreted from the pitutary gland

34
Q

describe the effect ADH has on the permeability of the kidney tubles?

this will help increase water levels indisde the blood.

A
  • causes the kidney tubles to be more permeable to water
  • more water can pass out the kidney tubles
  • more water is reabsorbed from the tubles back into the blood
  • is controlled by the negative feedback cycle
35
Q

what happens if the level of water in the blood falls?

A

the pitutary gland relases the hormone ADH

36
Q

how does kidney dialysis work?

A

kidney dialysis works by a speacialist machine to carry out the funtion of the kidneys.
* dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of water and ions and no urea.
* urea diffuses from the blood into dialiysis fluid
* dialysis fluid is constantly refreshred, ensures there is always a large concentartion gradient

37
Q

what happnes if the blood has too much of a high concentration of water is ‘ dilute’?

A

more urine is produces and pitatuary gland stops releasing ADH and concentration of water in blood returns back to normal.

38
Q

what are the 2 main ways of treating kidney failure?

A
  • kidney dialysis
  • transplant
39
Q

why is kidney faliure dangerous?

A

this kidney will be unable to filter the blood properly so will lead to:
* a build up of toxic molelcules in the body
* uncontrollable ion and water balances, cells being damadged due to osmosis

40
Q

what are inconviniences of kidney dialysis?

A
  • patient have to go to hospital several times a week
  • have to have a controlled diet
41
Q

what are troubles with kidney transplants?

A
  • kidney might be rejected by immune system
42
Q

compare disadvantages and advanatages of mechanial (kidney dialysis) and transplant?

A
43
Q

what is the funtion of the reprosudctive hormone during puberty?

A
  • ** During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop**
  • males= testest produce hormone testosterogn which prodcues sperm
  • women= eggs in the ovaries start to mature and oesterogn is prodcued
44
Q

what is the main male reproductive system?

A

Testosterone is the main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production

45
Q

what is the main female reproductive system?

A

Oestrogen is the main female reproductive hormone produced in the ovary

46
Q

what is ovulation?

A

At puberty eggs begin to mature and one is released
approximately every 28 days.

47
Q

several hormones are in the mesntral cycle name them?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • oestrergon and progesterone
48
Q

what is the funtion of the FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) in the mentstral cycle?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes maturation of an egg in the ovary.

49
Q

what is the funtion of the Luteinising hormones in the mentral cycle?

A
  • Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of the egg.
50
Q

what is the role of the oestergone and progtesterone in the mesntral cycle?

A
  • Oestrogen and progesterone are involved in maintaining the uterus lining
51
Q

what is the menstral cycle?

A

monthly cycle of phycological chnages that occur in the female which include the shedding of the uterus linning and ovulation.

52
Q

what happens in the menstral cycle?

A
  • ovary releases an egg
  • in prepartion the uterus lining becomes thick and spongy
  • the egg makes it way to the uterus
  • if sperm fertalises egg pregnancy occurs, if not egg and uterus lining are released = period
53
Q

how do the 4 homones interact in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • in the first stage the FSH is released by pituatry gland and travels to the blood and causes egg to mature
  • FSH triggers the ovaries to produce oesterogen
  • oestrogen causes lining of of uterus to be thick and stops pituatry gland from releasing FSH.
  • role of protestegerone comes along
54
Q

what does protesterogn do in the mestrual cycle?

A
  • stops the pitauatry gland from releasing FSH and LH to prevent anymore eggs from maturing and being released
  • keeps lining og the uterus thick incase fertalised eggs implant.
55
Q

what are the roles of Adrenaline?

A

It increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for ‘flight or fight’.

56
Q

where is adrelanine secreted?

A

the adrenal gland

57
Q

what is the role of thyroxine and where is it secreted from?

A

secreted from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate. It plays an important role in growth and development.

58
Q

how can fertalisation be controlled?

A

by a variety of hormonal and non-hormonal
methods of contraception.

59
Q

what is a very common method of contraception?

A
  • oral contraceptives that contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature
60
Q

what are disadvantage and advanatages of the oral contraceptives?

A
  • advantage= highly effective if take correctly
  • disadvanatge= must be taken everyday, increases risk of breast cancer and blood clots
61
Q

how are injection, implant or skin patch contraceptives?

A

ensure a slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years

62
Q

what are the advanatage and disadvanates of injections, implant or skin patch?

A

adanatages= more convenient than taking the pill everyday
disadvanatge = side effects

63
Q

what is a fertility drug?

A

giving FSH and LH in a ‘fertility drug’ to a woman. She
may then become pregnant in the normal way as she may not been able to become pregant before.

64
Q

what is a big disadvanate of hormonal contraceoptives?

A

none of them protect against sexually transmitted infection (sti) or (HIV)

65
Q

what is the barrier method of contracpetions?

A

such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg

66
Q

adavanatge of barrier contraception method?

A

advantage= do not have side effects, reduce risk of sti
disadvanatage= break and slip off

67
Q

what is spermicid gel?

A
  • spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm
68
Q

what is the coil or IUD?

A

which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone

69
Q

what are surgical methods of contraceptions?

A

for men= sperm ducts are tied
women=ovbidcust are tied

70
Q

what is abstinence?

A

practice of not having sex, abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct

71
Q

what is the effect of adrenaline?

A
  • increase heart and breathing rate- delivers oxygen and glucose to the body
  • increases mental awarness
  • dilation of pupils
  • stored glycogen converted to glucose
72
Q

describe the steps of an IVF treatment?

A
  • IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs.
  • The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in the laboratory.
  • The fertilised eggs develop into embryos.
  • At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb).
73
Q

what are the three disadvanatges of IVF?(fertility treatment)

A
  • it is very emotionally and physically stressful
  • the success rates are not high
  • it can lead to multiple births which are a risk to both the babies and the mother
74
Q

what is an ethical issue with IVF?

A

not all the embroys will be used so will be killed is unethical so might seem as killing a potential life

75
Q

how is the release of thyroxine controlled by a negtative feedback?

A
76
Q

what is a negative feedback?

A

negative feedback is a type of control where the body responds to an increase or decrease in a factor by returning the body back to the factors optimum level

Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions